Which of the following is a changeable risk factor for nephrolithiasis?

Choice A rationale

Thyroid storm, also known as thyrotoxicosis, is a severe complication of hyperthyroidism characterized by high fever, a decrease in consciousness, and abdominal pain.

Choice B rationale

Addisonian crisis, also known as adrenal crisis, is a potentially life-threatening situation that requires immediate medical care. It’s characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, dehydration, low blood pressure, and changes in mental status, but it’s not directly related to hyperthyroidism.

Choice C rationale

Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. It’s not specifically related to hyperthyroidism.

Choice D rationale

Myxedema coma is a rare but life-threatening condition that can occur in people with long-term, untreated hypothyroidism (low thyroid levels), not hyperthyroidism.

Choice A rationale

Testicular torsion, which occurs when the spermatic cord inside the testicle becomes twisted, is a medical emergency. It can cut off blood flow to the testicle and requires immediate treatment to save the testicle.

Choice B rationale

A spermatocele, or a fluid-filled cyst in the epididymis, is not typically considered a medical emergency. It is usually painless and often does not require treatment unless it causes discomfort or pain.

Choice C rationale

Bacterial epididymitis, or inflammation of the epididymis due to a bacterial infection, is not typically considered a medical emergency. It is usually treated with antibiotics.

Choice D rationale

A hydrocele, or a fluid-filled sac around a testicle, is not typically considered a medical emergency. It is usually painless and often does not require treatment unless it causes discomfort or pain.