Which of the following is incorrect?

Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms

The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated.

The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced.

The kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine when dehydrated.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms: The countercurrent multiplier (nephron loop) and countercurrent exchanger (vasa recta) help establish a medullary osmotic gradient that allows for urine concentration or dilution.
B. The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated: In overhydration, ADH secretion is suppressed, leading to reduced water reabsorption and a larger volume of dilute urine.
C. The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced: This is incorrect. When urine volume is reduced (e.g., dehydration), the urine is more concentrated, not less.
D. The kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine when dehydrated: In dehydration, ADH is secreted, causing increased water reabsorption, resulting in concentrated urine with low volume.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Calcium ion levels: The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates blood calcium levels. Removal without hormone replacement would lead to hypocalcemia.
B. Anion levels: Anion balance is not directly controlled by the thyroid or parathyroid glands.
C. Potassium ion levels: Potassium is mainly regulated by aldosterone and kidneys, not the thyroid or parathyroid.
D. Sodium ion levels: Sodium balance is also regulated by aldosterone, not parathyroid hormone.

A. Arcuate a. → interlobar a. → afferent arteriole → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. B. Interlobar a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → segmental a. → arcuate a. C. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. D. Afferent arteriole → cortical radiate(interlobular) a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. E. Segmental a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Arcuate a. → interlobar a. → afferent arteriole → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.: This is an incorrect sequence-interlobar arteries come before arcuate arteries.
B. Interlobar a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → segmental a. → arcuate a.: Segmental arteries are more proximal, immediately after the renal artery.
C. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.: This is the correct anatomical order of arterial blood flow: Renal a. → Segmental a. → Interlobar a. → Arcuate a. → Cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → Afferent arteriole
D. Afferent arteriole → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a.: This is a reversed and incorrect sequence.
E. Segmental a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.: Arcuate arteries arise after interlobar arteries, not before.

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Which of the following is incorrect?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The macula densa cells respond to

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