Which of the following is incorrect?
Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms
The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated.
The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced.
The kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine when dehydrated.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms: The countercurrent multiplier (nephron loop) and countercurrent exchanger (vasa recta) help establish a medullary osmotic gradient that allows for urine concentration or dilution.
B. The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated: In overhydration, ADH secretion is suppressed, leading to reduced water reabsorption and a larger volume of dilute urine.
C. The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced: This is incorrect. When urine volume is reduced (e.g., dehydration), the urine is more concentrated, not less.
D. The kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine when dehydrated: In dehydration, ADH is secreted, causing increased water reabsorption, resulting in concentrated urine with low volume.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"C","dropdown-group-2":"C"}
Explanation
A. Intrinsic salivary gland: This is a general category, not a pair of specific glands, so it doesn't answer the two-part question.
B. Lingual; labial: Both lingual and labial glands are intrinsic (minor) salivary glands.
C. Submandibular; lingual: The submandibular gland is one of the major extrinsic salivary glands, while lingual glands are minor intrinsic glands located in the tongue.
D. Submandibular; sublingual: Both are extrinsic salivary glands.
E. Sublingual; parotid: Both are extrinsic glands; the parotid is the largest.
F. Lingual; sublingual: Lingual is intrinsic; sublingual is extrinsic, so the order here is reversed.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle: This occurs in the mitochondria, which RBCs do not possess.
B. Glycolysis: RBCs rely entirely on anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm for ATP production due to their lack of mitochondria.
C. Aerobic respiration: This requires mitochondria, which are absent in RBCs.
D. Electron transport chain: This also occurs in the mitochondrial membrane, and RBCs can’t perform this process.
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