Which of the following is incorrect?
Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms
The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated.
The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced.
The kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine when dehydrated.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms: The countercurrent multiplier (nephron loop) and countercurrent exchanger (vasa recta) help establish a medullary osmotic gradient that allows for urine concentration or dilution.
B. The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated: In overhydration, ADH secretion is suppressed, leading to reduced water reabsorption and a larger volume of dilute urine.
C. The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced: This is incorrect. When urine volume is reduced (e.g., dehydration), the urine is more concentrated, not less.
D. The kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine when dehydrated: In dehydration, ADH is secreted, causing increased water reabsorption, resulting in concentrated urine with low volume.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. It regulates the rate of filtrate formation: The juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) helps control glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by monitoring filtrate content and flow.
B. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone: Macula densa cells sense sodium concentration but do not produce aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
C. Its granular cells produce renin: Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells release renin in response to low blood pressure or sodium.
D. It helps control systemic blood pressure: Through renin release and the RAAS system, the JGC helps regulate blood pressure.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. 2 ATP: This is the ATP yield from glycolysis (net gain), not fatty acid oxidation.
B. 18 ATP: Too low for a 16-carbon fatty acid-this number is far below the actual ATP yield from fatty acid metabolism.
C. 36 ATP: This is the approximate ATP yield from glucose oxidation, not a 16-carbon fatty acid.
D. 38 ATP: Also close to glucose metabolism; still too low.
E. 129 ATP: Beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid (e.g., palmitic acid) generates 129 ATP molecules, making it far more energy-dense than glucose.
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