Which of the following was promoted as an alternative for fee-for-service and employs the tightest utilization controls?
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
Medicare Advantage (Part C)
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
Point of Service (POS)
The Correct Answer is A
Rationale:
A. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): HMOs were promoted as an alternative to
traditional fee-for-service models and typically employ stringent utilization controls, such as requiring members to select a primary care physician (PCP) and obtain referrals for specialist care.
B. Medicare Advantage (Part C): Medicare Advantage plans, while offering alternatives to
traditional Medicare fee-for-service, may not necessarily employ the tightest utilization controls compared to HMOs.
C. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): PPOs offer more flexibility in choosing healthcare providers and typically have less stringent utilization controls compared to HMOs.
D. Point of Service (POS): POS plans combine elements of HMOs and PPOs, allowing members to choose between in-network and out-of-network care, but may not have as tight utilization controls as pure HMOs.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plan: PPO plans typically offer members greater flexibility in choosing healthcare providers and may not have as strict requirements for referrals to specialists, reducing barriers to access.
B. Medicare advantage plans: Medicare Advantage plans, also known as Medicare Part C, offer additional benefits beyond traditional Medicare, but they may not exhibit the same issues with access to primary and specialty care as other managed care plans.
C. Medicaid managed care: Medicaid managed care plans vary by state and may have different structures for accessing care, but they often emphasize primary care coordination and may not exhibit the same issues with access as HMO plans.
D. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans: HMO plans typically require members to select a primary care physician (PCP) and obtain referrals from the PCP to see specialists. This structure can create barriers to accessing specialty care, particularly if there are limitations in provider networks or delays in obtaining referrals.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Hospital downsizing in the United States: Hospital downsizing generally aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency, not increase healthcare costs.
B. Transition from primarily government institutions to community institutions: This transition often seeks to improve accessibility and cost-effectiveness in healthcare delivery rather than causing rising costs.
C. Advanced sanitation, nursing, and medical services: While these contribute to better health outcomes and possibly higher initial investments, they are not the primary driver of rising healthcare costs.
D. Third-party payment: Third-party payment systems, such as insurance companies, contribute
to rising healthcare costs due to factors like administrative expenses, profit margins, and complex billing processes.
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