According to Shi and Singh "Essentials of the U.S. Healthcare System," what percentage of the healthcare workforce do hospitals employ?

Rationale:

A. Care in a nursing home: Long-term care encompasses a range of services provided to

individuals who require assistance with activities of daily living over an extended period, often in settings such as nursing homes or assisted living facilities.

B. Care in ambulatory clinics: Ambulatory clinics provide outpatient services and are not typically associated with long-term care, which involves ongoing assistance with activities of daily living.

C. Care provided by nurses: While nurses may be involved in delivering long-term care services, long-term care encompasses a broader range of services beyond nursing care alone.

D. Care in a hospital setting: Hospitals provide acute care services for short-term medical needs and are not typically associated with long-term care, which involves ongoing assistance with activities of daily living over an extended period.

Rationale:

A. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): HMOs were promoted as an alternative to

traditional fee-for-service models and typically employ stringent utilization controls, such as requiring members to select a primary care physician (PCP) and obtain referrals for specialist care.

B. Medicare Advantage (Part C): Medicare Advantage plans, while offering alternatives to

traditional Medicare fee-for-service, may not necessarily employ the tightest utilization controls compared to HMOs.

C. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): PPOs offer more flexibility in choosing healthcare providers and typically have less stringent utilization controls compared to HMOs.

D. Point of Service (POS): POS plans combine elements of HMOs and PPOs, allowing members to choose between in-network and out-of-network care, but may not have as tight utilization controls as pure HMOs.