Which of the following would be the best choice for treating mild back pain in an older adult who has chronic kidney disease? Liver enzymes are within normal limits.

Choice A reason: A shortened warning time between the desire to void and actual micturition is a common sign of urinary incontinence in older adults. It is caused by the decreased bladder capacity, increased bladder irritability, and reduced urethral resistance that occur with aging.

Choice B reason: The first urge to void occurs at the midbladder volume (250-350 mL) is not a correct answer, as this is the normal bladder sensation for adults of all ages. It does not indicate urinary incontinence.

Choice C reason: Diarrhea is the most common gastrointestinal complaint made to the health care provider is not a correct answer, as it is not related to urinary incontinence. It is a separate condition that affects the bowel movements.

Choice D reason: Constipation as a symptom of altered bladder functions is not a correct answer, as it is not a direct cause or effect of urinary incontinence. However, constipation can worsen urinary incontinence by increasing the pressure on the bladder and pelvic floor muscles.

Choice E reason: None of the above is not a correct answer, as there is one choice that is true for urinary incontinence in older adults.

Choice A reason: Fecal impaction is not the most common gastrointestinal complaint, as it is a condition that occurs when hardened stool accumulates in the rectum and cannot be expelled. Fecal impaction may cause abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and loss of appetite. Fecal impaction is more common in older adults, people with low-fiber diets, or people who take certain medications, such as opioids or anticholinergics.

Choice B reason: Diarrhea is the most common gastrointestinal complaint, as it is a condition that occurs when the stool is loose, watery, and frequent. Diarrhea may cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and malabsorption. Diarrhea can be caused by various factors, such as infections, food intolerance, medications, or irritable bowel syndrome.

Choice C reason: Constipation is not the most common gastrointestinal complaint, as it is a condition that occurs when the stool is hard, dry, and infrequent. Constipation may cause straining, pain, bleeding, and hemorrhoids. Constipation can be caused by various factors, such as lack of fluids, fiber, or exercise, or certain medications, such as antacids or iron supplements.

Choice D reason: Hemorrhoids are not the most common gastrointestinal complaint, as they are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Hemorrhoids can be caused by various factors, such as constipation, straining, pregnancy, or aging.

Choice E reason: None of the above is not the correct answer, as there is one choice that is the most common gastrointestinal complaint.