Which of the following would NOT lead to increased pigmentation?

A. osteoclasts
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, not formation. They help remodel the bone later in healing but don’t form the callus.

B. osteochondral replacement cells
Not a standard term. Possibly a misnomer. The relevant cells are progenitors, not “replacement cells.”

C. osteoblasts
Osteoblasts lay down new bone but are not the first cells involved in forming the soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus during early healing.

D. osteochondral progenitor cells
These stem-like cells differentiate into both chondroblasts and osteoblasts, and are crucial in forming the initial callus (a mix of cartilage and woven bone) during bone repair.

E. chondroclasts
Chondroclasts break down cartilage. They are not involved in callus formation, but in later remodeling.

A. white blood cells and nutrients to get to site of injury quicker; redness: Vasodilation increases blood flow, bringing immune cells and nutrients quickly to the site. Increased blood flow also causes redness (rubor), a classic sign of inflammation.

B. white blood cells to leave blood vessels at site of injury; redness: While WBCs do exit blood vessels during inflammation (diapedesis), redness is more directly caused by increased blood flow, not by WBC migration.

C. white blood cells and nutrients to get to site of injury quicker; swelling: Vasodilation leads to increased blood flow (causing redness), while swelling (tumor) is more due to increased vascular permeability and fluid leakage.

D. white blood cells to leave blood vessels at site of injury; edema: This describes part of the inflammatory process correctly (WBC extravasation and edema), but vasodilation itself mainly leads to increased blood flow and redness, not edema.