Which pathophysiologic process causes redness with acute inflammation?
Platelet-activating factor
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Vasoconstriction
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Platelet-activating factor promotes platelet aggregation and inflammation but does not directly cause redness. Redness in acute inflammation results from increased blood flow to the affected area, driven by vascular changes, not primarily platelet activity, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Vasodilation, triggered by inflammatory mediators like histamine, increases blood flow to the inflamed area, causing redness (erythema). Dilated vessels allow more oxygenated blood to reach tissues, a hallmark of acute inflammation, making this the correct pathophysiological process for redness.
Choice C reason: Increased capillary permeability allows fluid and proteins to leak into tissues, causing swelling (edema) in inflammation. While it contributes to inflammation, it does not directly cause redness, which is due to increased blood flow, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow, causing pallor, not redness. In acute inflammation, vasodilation predominates to deliver immune cells and nutrients, while vasoconstriction is an initial transient response, making this choice incorrect for causing redness.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Cell-mediated immunity, part of adaptive immunity, targets specific pathogens after exposure, not species-specific barriers. It is not the primary defense against cross-species transmission, making this choice incorrect for species-specific immunity.
Choice B reason: Natural immunity is a vague term, often meaning innate or acquired immunity. It is not specifically species-specific, as innate immunity provides the primary barrier to zoonotic diseases, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: Acquired immunity develops after exposure or vaccination, targeting specific pathogens. It is not species-specific and does not primarily prevent animal-to-human disease spread, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Innate immunity, including species-specific barriers like skin and mucosal defenses, prevents pathogen transmission across species. These non-specific mechanisms reduce zoonotic disease risk, making this the correct choice for species-specific immunity.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: High adipokine levels, as in obesity, promote insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signaling, not increasing glucose uptake. This reduces glucose uptake, contributing to hyperglycemia, but the description is inaccurate, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance due to insufficient or dysfunctional insulin receptors, reducing glucose uptake in cells, leading to hyperglycemia. This is a primary pathophysiological mechanism, often linked to obesity, making this the correct choice.
Choice C reason: Increased insulin secretion occurs early in type 2 diabetes to compensate for insulin resistance, but the primary issue is receptor dysfunction, not increased secretion. Over time, beta cells may fail, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells describes type 1 diabetes, not type 2. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, not massive beta cell loss, making this choice incorrect for type 2 diabetes.
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