What condition may cause edema?

Choice A reason: Autosomal dominant disorders affect both genders equally, as they are not sex-linked. Heterozygous individuals express the disorder, not just males, due to the dominant allele on an autosome. The idea of females being carriers only applies to X-linked recessive disorders, making this choice scientifically inaccurate.

Choice B reason: Autosomal dominant disorders are caused by mutations on autosomes, not the Y chromosome, which is sex-linked and primarily affects males. These disorders do not typically skip generations, as the dominant allele is expressed in every affected individual, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: In autosomal dominant disorders, a single mutated allele is sufficient for expression. An affected parent (heterozygous) has one normal and one mutated allele, leading to a 50% chance of passing the mutated allele to each child, causing the disorder. This genetic inheritance pattern makes this the correct choice.

Choice D reason: In autosomal dominant disorders, there is no "carrier" state as in recessive disorders, because heterozygous individuals express the disorder. The 50% probability applies to inheriting the disorder itself, not a carrier genotype, which is a concept relevant to autosomal recessive disorders, making this choice incorrect.

Choice A reason: Diarrhea is not a typical feature of autonomic dysreflexia, which involves sympathetic overactivity causing vasoconstriction. Bowel dysfunction may occur in spinal cord injury, but it is not specific to dysreflexia, making this incorrect.

Choice B reason: Tachycardia can occur in autonomic dysreflexia due to sympathetic stimulation, but it is less specific than headache, which is a hallmark symptom from severe hypertension, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Autonomic dysreflexia, often triggered by stimuli below the injury level, causes severe hypertension, leading to a pounding headache due to increased intracranial pressure. This is a hallmark symptom, making this the correct choice.

Choice D reason: Hypotension is not associated with autonomic dysreflexia, which causes hypertension from unopposed sympathetic responses. Hypotension may occur in spinal shock, not dysreflexia, making this choice incorrect.