Which signs may be positive in the patient with meningitis?
Kernig and Brudzinski sign
Patellar reflex
Pupillary reflex
Blumberg sign
The Correct Answer is A
A. Kernig's sign is positive when there is pain and resistance to extending the leg at the knee when the hip is flexed, and Brudzinski's sign is positive when the client involuntarily flexes their knees and hips when the neck is flexed. These are both signs of meningeal irritation, which is characteristic of meningitis.
B. The patellar reflex is a deep tendon reflex that assesses the function of the L2-L4 spinal nerves. It is not specific to meningitis and would not be a primary indicator.
C. The pupillary reflex assesses the response of the pupils to light and is not specific to meningitis. It can be affected by various neurological conditions, but it is not a primary sign of meningitis.
D. Blumberg's sign is associated with peritonitis and indicates rebound tenderness in the abdomen. It is not related to meningitis, which affects the central nervous system rather than the abdominal cavity.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Providing a dark, quiet environment is an appropriate intervention for a client with a migraine headache. Migraines are often aggravated by bright lights and loud noises, so creating a calm, low-stimulation environment can help alleviate symptoms.
B. While caffeine can be a trigger for some individuals with migraines, it is not necessary to eliminate all caffeine. In fact, caffeine is sometimes included in medications for migraines to enhance their effectiveness.
C. Cognitive impairment is not a typical concern for migraines unless the headache is severe or prolonged. Monitoring for cognitive impairment would not be the primary action in this scenario.
D. Opioids are not recommended for the treatment of migraines due to their potential for abuse and side effects. NSAIDs, triptans, and other specific migraine treatments are preferred.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Emotional lability (rapid mood swings) can occur with brain injuries, but it is more commonly associated with damage to the frontal lobe, not the brainstem.
B. Personality changes are also more likely to result from damage to the frontal lobe or other areas of the brain responsible for behavior and personality, not the brainstem.
C. Diabetes insipidus can result from brain injury, particularly damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, but it is not a direct consequence of brainstem injury.
D. Unstable vital signs are a common result of damage to the brainstem, which is responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Damage to the brainstem can lead to life-threatening instability in these vital functions.
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