Which stage of shock is characterized by decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion?
Irreversible stage
Refractory stage
Progressive stage
Compensatory stage
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A Reason:
The irreversible stage of shock, also known as the terminal stage, is characterized by severe organ damage and failure. At this point, the body's compensatory mechanisms have failed, and recovery is unlikely. Decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion are present, but they are more pronounced in the progressive stage.
Choice B Reason:
The refractory stage is often used interchangeably with the irreversible stage. It signifies a point where shock has progressed to such an extent that treatment is no longer effective. The body's organs have sustained irreversible damage, and despite medical intervention, the patient is unlikely to survive.
Choice C Reason:
The progressive stage of shock is characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion. During this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, leading to worsening hypoperfusion and cellular damage. This stage is critical as it marks the transition from reversible to potentially irreversible damage if not promptly treated.
Choice D Reason:
The compensatory stage, also known as the non-progressive stage, involves the body's initial response to shock. During this stage, mechanisms such as increased heart rate and vasoconstriction work to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. Blood pressure may still be within normal limits, and tissue perfusion is maintained, albeit at a reduced level.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["0.2"]
Explanation
Step-by-Step Calculation:
Step 1: Convert the client's weight from pounds to kilograms.
220 lbs ÷ 2.2 = 100 kg
Result = 100 kg
Step 2: Calculate the concentration of Lidocaine in mcg/mL.
750 mg × 1000 = 750,000 mcg
Result = 750,000 mcg
750,000 mcg ÷ 500 mL = 1500 mcg/mL
Result = 1500 mcg/mL
Step 3: Calculate the infusion rate in mcg/min.
5 mcg/min (prescribed dose)
Result = 5 mcg/min
Step 4: Calculate the infusion rate in mcg/hr.
5 mcg/min × 60 min/hr = 300 mcg/hr
Result = 300 mcg/hr
Step 5: Calculate the infusion rate in mL/hr.
300 mcg/hr ÷ 1500 mcg/mL = 0.2 mL/hr
Result = 0.2 mL/hr
Final Results:
- Infusion rate: 5 mcg/min
- Infusion rate: 300 mcg/hr
- Infusion rate: 0.2 mL/hr
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A: Palpitations
Palpitations, or the sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat, can occur in various heart conditions, including left heart failure. However, they are not the most common or specific symptom of left heart failure. Palpitations can be caused by arrhythmias, anxiety, or other cardiac issues. In the context of left heart failure, the heart's inability to pump blood effectively leads to fluid buildup in the lungs, causing shortness of breath, which is a more direct and common manifestation.
Choice B: Peripheral edema
Peripheral edema, or swelling in the legs and ankles, is more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure. In right-sided heart failure, the heart's right ventricle fails to pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid accumulation in the body's extremities. While peripheral edema can occur in left heart failure, it is not as common as shortness of breath. Left heart failure primarily affects the lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion and shortness of breath.
Choice C: Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, is the hallmark symptom of left heart failure. When the left side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively, blood backs up into the pulmonary veins, causing fluid to leak into the lungs. This results in pulmonary congestion and difficulty breathing. Patients with left heart failure often experience shortness of breath during physical activity, while lying down (orthopnea), or waking up at night (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea). This symptom is a direct consequence of the heart's reduced ability to manage blood flow and is a key indicator of left heart failure.
Choice D: Chest pain
Chest pain can be a symptom of various cardiac conditions, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and angina. While chest pain can occur in heart failure, it is not the most common manifestation of left heart failure. The primary issue in left heart failure is the heart's inability to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and shortness of breath. Chest pain is more typically associated with ischemic heart conditions rather than heart failure itself.
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