Which stage of shock is characterized by decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion?

Irreversible stage

Refractory stage

Progressive stage

Compensatory stage

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A Reason:
The irreversible stage of shock, also known as the terminal stage, is characterized by severe organ damage and failure. At this point, the body's compensatory mechanisms have failed, and recovery is unlikely. Decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion are present, but they are more pronounced in the progressive stage.

Choice B Reason:
The refractory stage is often used interchangeably with the irreversible stage. It signifies a point where shock has progressed to such an extent that treatment is no longer effective. The body's organs have sustained irreversible damage, and despite medical intervention, the patient is unlikely to survive.

Choice C Reason:
The progressive stage of shock is characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion. During this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, leading to worsening hypoperfusion and cellular damage. This stage is critical as it marks the transition from reversible to potentially irreversible damage if not promptly treated.

Choice D Reason:
The compensatory stage, also known as the non-progressive stage, involves the body's initial response to shock. During this stage, mechanisms such as increased heart rate and vasoconstriction work to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. Blood pressure may still be within normal limits, and tissue perfusion is maintained, albeit at a reduced level.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A Reason:
Blood pressure itself does not directly affect stroke volume. However, it can influence afterload, which in turn affects stroke volume. Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and while it is related to cardiac function, it is not a direct determinant of stroke volume.

Choice B Reason:
Preload directly affects stroke volume. Preload refers to the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole, just before contraction. It is influenced by the volume of blood returning to the heart (venous return). According to the Frank-Starling law, an increase in preload leads to an increase in stroke volume due to the enhanced force of contraction.

Choice C Reason:
Afterload also directly affects stroke volume. Afterload is the resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole. It is influenced by factors such as arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance. An increase in afterload can decrease stroke volume because the heart has to work harder to pump blood against the higher resistance.

Choice D Reason:
Heart rate does not directly affect stroke volume. Instead, heart rate and stroke volume together determine cardiac output (CO = HR × SV). While heart rate can influence the overall amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, it does not directly change the volume of blood ejected with each beat.

A. Difficulty swallowing B. Pain of 6 on a scale of 0 to 10 C. Heart rate 122/min D. Urinary output 25 mL/hr

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A Reason:
Difficulty swallowing is a critical finding in a client with burns to the face, ears, and eyelids. This symptom can indicate airway edema or obstruction, which is a life-threatening condition. Burns in these areas can cause significant swelling, leading to compromised airways. Immediate intervention is required to secure the airway and prevent respiratory failure.

Choice B Reason:
Pain of 6 on a scale of 0 to 10 is important to manage for patient comfort and to prevent complications related to pain, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. However, it is not the immediate priority over potential airway compromise. Pain management can be addressed once the airway is secured.

Choice C Reason:
A heart rate of 122/min indicates tachycardia, which can be a response to pain, stress, or hypovolemia. While it is important to monitor and manage, it is not as immediately life-threatening as airway obstruction. Tachycardia can be addressed after ensuring the airway is clear.

Choice D Reason:
Urinary output of 25 mL/hr is below the normal range (typically 30-50 mL/hr) and can indicate dehydration or renal impairment. While this is a concerning finding, it is not the immediate priority compared to securing the airway. Fluid resuscitation and renal function can be managed once the airway is stabilized.

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Which stage of shock is characterized by decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which of the following factors directly affects stroke volume?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

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