Which variables affect the rate of diffusion? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A rationale: A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the potato cell, which means it has a lower water potential. Water will move out of the potato cell by osmosis, causing it to shrink and become soft and limp.

Choice B rationale: A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the potato cell, which means it has a higher water potential. Water will move into the potato cell by osmosis, causing it to swell and become turgid and firm.

Choice C rationale: An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as the potato cell, which means it has the same water potential. Water will move in and out of the potato cell at the same rate, causing it to remain unchanged in size and shape.

Choice D rationale: Tonic is not a valid term to describe the solute concentration of a solution. The correct terms are hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic.

Choice E rationale: I cannot determine anything without comparing multiple solutions is incorrect because the appearance of the potato slice after soaking in the solution provides enough information to determine the relative solute concentration of the solution.

Choice A rationale: Chlorophyll is the molecule that traps the sun's energy and initiates the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in the bonds of sugar molecules. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that is found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, the organelles where photosynthesis occurs. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light from the sun and reflects green light, giving plants their characteristic color. Chlorophyll also transfers the light energy to electrons, which are then used to split water molecules and generate ATP and NADPH, the energy intermediates for the dark reaction of photosynthesis¹².

Choice B rationale: ATP is not the molecule that traps the sun's energy, but an energy molecule that is synthesized by the light reaction of photosynthesis. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, and it consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups. ATP stores energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups, and releases energy when one of the bonds is broken, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate). ATP provides energy for the dark reaction of photosynthesis, which uses CO2 to produce glucose, a type of sugar³⁴.

Choice C rationale: Chloroplast is not the molecule that traps the sun's energy, but the organelle where photosynthesis occurs. Chloroplast is a membrane-bound structure that is found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. Chloroplast contains its own DNA and ribosomes, and can divide independently of the cell. Chloroplast has two main parts: the stroma, which is the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast, and the thylakoid, which is a system of flattened sacs that contain chlorophyll and other pigments. The light reaction of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid, while the dark reaction takes place in the stroma⁵⁶.

Choice D rationale: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is not the molecule that traps the sun's energy, but an intermediate molecule in the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, also known as G3P, is a three-carbon sugar that is formed from CO2 and energy intermediates from the light reaction. G3P can be converted to glucose, which is the main product of photosynthesis, or to other organic molecules, such as amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides. G3P can also be recycled to regenerate the five-carbon starter molecule called ribulose, which is needed for the dark reaction to continue⁷⁸.

Choice E rationale: Rubisco is not the molecule that traps the sun's energy, but an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Rubisco stands for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and it is the most abundant protein on Earth. Rubisco combines CO2 with ribulose, a five-carbon sugar, to form a six-carbon intermediate that splits into two molecules of G3P. Rubisco is also responsible for a wasteful process called photorespiration, in which it binds O2 instead of CO2, resulting in the loss of carbon and energy⁹ .