Why is glucose metabolism profoundly affected during pregnancy?
The pregnant woman uses glucose at a more rapid rate than the nonpregnant woman.
Placental hormones are antagonistic to insulin, thus resulting in insulin resistance.
Pancreatic function in the islets of Langerhans is affected by pregnancy.
The pregnant woman increases her dietary intake significantly.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: This is not the correct answer, as the pregnant woman does not use glucose at a more rapid rate than the nonpregnant woman. In fact, the pregnant woman has lower fasting glucose levels and higher postprandial glucose levels than the nonpregnant woman. This is because the pregnant woman adapts to the increased fetal demand for glucose by increasing her insulin secretion and decreasing her hepatic glucose production.
Choice B reason: This is the correct answer, as placental hormones are antagonistic to insulin, thus resulting in insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a condition where the cells do not respond well to insulin and require more insulin to maintain normal glucose levels. Placental hormones, such as human placental lactogen, progesterone, and cortisol, increase the insulin resistance of the maternal tissues, especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. This is to ensure that the fetus has enough glucose supply, as the placenta is not insulin resistant and can transport glucose to the fetus².
Choice C reason: This is not the correct answer, as pancreatic function in the islets of Langerhans is not affected by pregnancy. The islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, that regulate glucose metabolism. Pregnancy does not impair the function of the islets of Langerhans, but rather stimulates them to increase their size and number. This is to compensate for the increased insulin resistance and glucose demand of the pregnancy.
Choice D reason: This is not the correct answer, as the pregnant woman does not increase her dietary intake significantly. The pregnant woman needs to consume adequate calories and nutrients to support the fetal growth and development, but not excessively. The recommended weight gain during pregnancy depends on the pre-pregnancy BMI of the woman, but generally ranges from 11 to 16 kg. The recommended calorie intake during pregnancy is about 300 kcal more than the pre-pregnancy intake, which is equivalent to one extra snack per day.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Eating three larger meals a day is not recommended for hyperemesis gravidarum, as it may increase the nausea and vomiting. Instead, the nurse should advise the woman to eat small, frequent meals throughout the day.
Choice B reason: Ice cream may stay down better than other foods, as it is cold, bland, and soothing. The nurse should encourage the woman to try foods that are appealing to her and avoid foods that trigger nausea.
Choice C reason: Eating what sounds good to the woman even if her meals are not well-balanced is acceptable for hyperemesis gravidarum, as the priority is to maintain hydration and nutrition. The nurse should reassure the woman that she can resume a balanced diet once her symptoms improve.
Choice D reason: Avoiding ginger tea or sweet drinks is not necessary for hyperemesis gravidarum, as some women may find them helpful in reducing nausea. The nurse should suggest the woman to experiment with different beverages and see what works for her.
Choice E reason: Eating a high-protein snack at bedtime is beneficial for hyperemesis gravidarum, as it can prevent low blood sugar levels and morning sickness. The nurse should recommend the woman to have a protein-rich food, such as cheese, yogurt, nuts, or eggs, before going to bed.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Fetal sleep cycles are a normal physiological cause of decreased variability in the FHR, which is the fluctuation of the baseline FHR above and below 2 cycles per minute. Fetal sleep cycles usually last 20 to 40 minutes and do not affect the fetal well-being.
Choice B reason: Umbilical cord compression is an abnormal cause of decreased variability in the FHR, as it reduces the blood flow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. It can also cause variable decelerations, which are abrupt decreases in the FHR below the baseline.
Choice C reason: Altered cerebral blood flow is an abnormal cause of decreased variability in the FHR, as it indicates a compromise in the fetal central nervous system. It can also cause late decelerations, which are gradual decreases in the FHR after the peak of a contraction.
Choice D reason: Fetal hypoxemia is an abnormal cause of decreased variability in the FHR, as it reflects a severe lack of oxygen in the fetal blood. It can also cause sinusoidal pattern, which is a smooth, undulating waveform in the FHR.
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