A. The absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is the best indicator of a child's ability to fight infection. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell crucial for fighting bacterial infections, and chemotherapy can suppress bone marrow production of neutrophils. The ANC helps assess the risk for infection and the need for additional precautions, such as infection control.

B. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that primarily respond to allergies and parasitic infections, and their count is not used to assess infection risk in chemotherapy patients.

C. The red blood cell count (RBC) is important for assessing oxygen-carrying capacity but does not directly relate to infection-fighting ability.

D. Hemoglobin (Hgb) reflects the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, not the body's ability to fight infection.

A. A deep wound causing external bleeding does not describe a concussion, which involves a brain injury due to trauma, not a superficial wound.

B. A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or trauma that causes the brain to twist or bounce inside the skull. This movement can lead to temporary neurological impairment.

C. Bleeding between the skull and brain (epidural hematoma or subdural hematoma) is associated with more severe traumatic brain injuries, not a concussion.

D. A ruptured artery leading to pooling of blood in the brain is more characteristic of an intracerebral hemorrhage or a severe head injury, not a concussion.

A. This statement is incorrect because processed foods can contain gluten even if they don't have visible flour. Gluten can be found in many processed foods as an additive or stabilizer, such as in sauces, soups, and processed meats. It's important to always check food labels for gluten ingredients.

B. This is correct. Barley and rye are sources of gluten and must be avoided in a gluten-free diet for those with celiac disease.

C. This is correct. Foods like bread, pasta, and cereal commonly contain gluten and need to be avoided by individuals with celiac disease.

D. This is correct. Using separate serving utensils for gluten-free foods helps prevent cross-contamination, which is critical for managing celiac disease.

A. Respiratory rate can be influenced by many factors, including fever or anxiety, and is not the most reliable indicator of fluid loss.

B. Blood pressure may change with severe dehydration, but it can be a late sign, and other factors (like shock) can also affect blood pressure, so it's not the most reliable early indicator.

C. Body weight is the most reliable and sensitive indicator of fluid loss, as even small changes in weight reflect changes in hydration status. Monitoring weight helps assess fluid loss accurately.

D. Skin integrity can be affected by dehydration, but it's not the most reliable indicator of fluid loss. It may take longer to show visible signs such as dry skin or poor turgor.

A. This is the correct answer. Hirschsprung's disease causes a lack of nerve cells in the colon, leading to difficulty with bowel movement. The result is constipation and the passage of small, ribbon-like stools due to the narrowed areas of the colon. The stool can also be foul-smelling.

B. "Currant jelly" stool is typically associated with intussusception, not Hirschsprung's disease. This stool appears red and mucus-like and suggests a bowel obstruction or infection.

C. Foul-smelling, fatty stools (steatorrhea) are characteristic of malabsorption disorders like cystic fibrosis, not Hirschsprung's disease.

D. Mucoid, bloody diarrhea is more common in conditions like infectious colitis or inflammatory bowel disease, not Hirschsprung's disease.

A. Laxatives are not typically used for sickle cell crisis unless the client is experiencing constipation, which is unrelated to the crisis itself.

B. Thyroid replacement medications are used for hypothyroidism and would not be a first-line treatment for sickle cell crisis.

C. Diuretics may be used in conditions like heart failure or kidney disease, but they are not indicated for sickle cell crisis and may worsen dehydration.

D. Pain medications are the correct intervention during a sickle cell crisis. The crisis involves severe pain due to the sickling of red blood cells blocking blood flow to tissues. Opioids like morphine and hydromorphone are commonly administered to manage the severe pain.

A. Consuming a diet high in iron-rich foods, such as lean meats, beans, and leafy vegetables, can help prevent iron deficiency anemia.

B. Regular consumption of fortified cereals provides essential nutrients, including iron, which can help prevent anemia.

C. This is the correct answer. Excessive intake of cow's milk can be a risk factor for iron deficiency anemia in toddlers because cow's milk is low in iron and can interfere with iron absorption. Additionally, consuming large amounts of cow's milk can cause gastrointestinal blood loss, further contributing to iron deficiency.

D. While participating in physical activities is important for a toddler's growth and development, it does not directly relate to an increased risk for iron deficiency anemia.

A. While alterations in pupil size and reactivity are signs of increased ICP, increased motor response is not a late sign and typically reflects an early sign of brain dysfunction.

B. Extension or flexion posturing may occur with increased ICP, but weight gain is not a sign of ICP.

C. Tachycardia can occur early in ICP, but it does not typically present as a late sign. Altered pupil size and reactivity may occur, but these are not exclusive to late ICP signs.

D. This is the correct answer. Cheyne-Stokes respirations, which are characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep breathing, are a late sign of increased ICP in infants. Additionally, changes in pupil size (such as dilated or non-reactive pupils) are a late indicator of increasing intracranial pressure.

A. Crushing iron supplements and mixing them with applesauce may make the medication easier to take, but it does not directly improve absorption. In fact, crushing tablets could alter the formulation and absorption, especially if the iron supplement is enteric-coated.

B. Administering iron with a glass of milk can actually inhibit absorption because calcium, which is found in milk, can interfere with the absorption of iron.

C. While tarry green stools are a common side effect of iron supplements, this is not a reason to discontinue the medication unless instructed by the healthcare provider.

D. This is the correct answer. Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron. Administering the supplement with a vitamin C-rich drink, such as orange juice, helps maximize iron absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

A. Placing the client in a semi-Fowler's position is appropriate to help alleviate pressure on the brain and improve comfort. This position can also help with respiratory function, which may be compromised in meningitis.

B. Admitting the client to a private room is necessary to prevent the spread of the infection to other patients. Bacterial meningitis is highly contagious, and isolation is important to limit exposure.

C. Implementing seizure precautions is essential in managing a child with bacterial meningitis because the infection can cause increased intracranial pressure, which may lead to seizures.

D. Measuring head circumference every shift is unnecessary for this child, as it is typically done for infants to monitor for signs of hydrocephalus or increased intracranial pressure. In a 6-year-old child, clinical signs and imaging studies are more reliable for monitoring ICP.