A. This method involves scratching or pricking the skin with a small amount of the suspected allergen to observe any allergic reaction.
B. This method is not typically used for identifying allergens; it's more associated with oral challenges for diagnosing food allergies but is not recommended since it may cause severe anaphylaxis.
C. This method, known as intradermal testing, is less common than scratch tests and is typically used when scratch tests produce inconclusive results.
D. This method is not typically used for identifying allergens and can cause severe eye damage.
E. Patch testing involves applying patches containing allergens to the skin and observing for reactions. It's commonly used to identify contact allergens.

A. There's no indication of a bacterial infection, so antibiotics are not warranted.

B. A biopsy may be considered if the diagnosis is uncertain, but it's not the first-line action.
C. Tretinoin is typically used for conditions like acne or photoaging, not for eczematous lesions.
D. Corticosteroid creams are commonly used to reduce inflammation and itching associated with eczema, making this the most appropriate action.

A. Antibodies don't typically cause physical damage to antigens.

B. Antibodies can initiate the complement system, which is a cascade of proteins that can lyse or opsonize antigens.
C. Antibodies can also emit chemicals that modify the antigen's environment, such as cytokines or histamine, which can attract other immune cells or cause inflammation.
D. Antibodies typically target specific proteins or structures on the antigen's surface, not the cellular nucleus.
E. This action doesn't accurately describe the function of antibodies.

A. This mechanism helps to remove particles and microorganisms from the air before they enter the lungs but is not primarily responsible for removing pathogens already present in the lungs.

B. Bronchoconstriction typically occurs in response to irritants or allergens and is not directly involved in removing pathogens.
C. While alveolar macrophages play a role in immune defense within the lungs, they are not the primary mechanism for removing pathogens causing pneumonia.
D. The cough reflex is the body's primary mechanism for expelling pathogens and debris from the respiratory tract, making it the most appropriate choice in this scenario.

A. This action is not directly related to John's eye surgery.

B. Emotional support may be beneficial, but it's not the most crucial action post- Trabeculectomy.
C. This is crucial post-operative care to ensure proper wound healing and prevent complications such as hemorrhage.
D. While infection prevention is important, administering antibiotics specifically for John's past allergies without indication may not be appropriate.

A. Albuterol is used for bronchodilation and is not indicated for Sandra's presentation.

B. She needs arterial blood gas analysis to monitor her acid-base status, as she has a low pH indicating acidosis.
C. Sandra is a patient who has signs and symptoms of peritonsillar abscess, a complication of recurrent tonsillitis. She needs urgent treatment to prevent airway obstruction and sepsis.
D. Given Sandra's history of tonsillitis and elevated WBC count, initiating antibiotics targeting streptococcal infection is crucial.
E. While a chest X-ray may be indicated for respiratory symptoms, it's not the most immediate action needed for Sandra's management.

A. Anti-dandruff shampoo is ineffective against head lice or nits.

B. The best way to prevent the spread of pediculosis is to avoid sharing personal items that come in contact with the hair, such as headgear, combs, brushes, hats, scarves.

C. While it's important to inform others about the presence of pediculosis, preventing its spread through sharing of personal items like headgear is more immediate.
D. Shaving the head may temporarily remove the nits, but it may also damage the skin and expose it to more infections.