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A 51 year old male has been diagnosed with alcohol-induced liver disease. He admits to the nurse he does not understand what the liver does in the body. Which of these statements best explains the liver's function?

The liver metabolizes most components of food (protein, carbohydrates and fats) and also cleans the blood of bacteria and drugs

The liver maintains a balanced level of electrolytes and pH in the body and stores glucose, minerals and vitamins

The liver is responsible for the absorption of most dietary nutrients as well as the production of growth hormones.

The liver contributes to the metabolism of ingested food and provides the fluids that the GI tract requires

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. The liver metabolizes most components of food (protein, carbohydrates and fats) and also cleans the blood of bacteria and drugs: The liver plays a central role in metabolism, including converting nutrients into energy or storage forms, breaking down toxins, metabolizing drugs, and filtering bacteria from the blood via Kupffer cells.

B. The liver maintains a balanced level of electrolytes and pH in the body and stores glucose, minerals and vitamins: While the liver stores glycogen and some vitamins and minerals, it does not directly regulate electrolyte or pH balance, which is primarily the function of the kidneys and respiratory system.

C. The liver is responsible for the absorption of most dietary nutrients as well as the production of growth hormones: Nutrient absorption is mainly the role of the small intestine. Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, not the liver, making this statement inaccurate.

D. The liver contributes to the metabolism of ingested food and provides the fluids that the GI tract requires: Although the liver produces bile, which aids in fat digestion, it does not supply most of the fluids needed by the GI tract. Salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and intestines contribute the majority of GI fluids.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

A. Clinical manifestations: hematuria (urine is smoky, brown tinged): Hematuria is a hallmark sign of acute glomerulonephritis. The smoky or cola-colored urine results from red blood cells leaking through the damaged glomeruli, often seen in post-infectious cases.

B. Clinical manifestations: oliguria: Decreased urine output is common due to impaired glomerular filtration. Oliguria reflects reduced kidney function, which contributes to fluid retention, hypertension, and accumulation of waste products.

C. Treatment: Antibiotics, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, anticoagulants: Depending on the cause and severity, treatment may include antibiotics for infection, corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents for inflammation, and anticoagulants if there's risk of thrombosis due to nephrotic syndrome features.

D. Treatment: Prescription dose ibuprofen: NSAIDs like ibuprofen are generally avoided in glomerulonephritis because they can reduce renal perfusion and worsen kidney injury, especially in patients already experiencing compromised kidney function.

E. Clinical manifestations: Proteinuria that exceeds 3–5g/day with albumin: This level of proteinuria is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome, not acute glomerulonephritis. While proteinuria may be present, it is typically moderate and not in the nephrotic range.

A. Gallstones cholangitis: stones in the common bile duct = cholelithiasis; inflammation of the common bile duct-cholecystitis; inflammation of the gall bladder-choledocholithiasis B. Gall stones = cholangitis; stones in the common bile duct = cholecystitis; inflammation of the common bile duct = choledocholitiasis; inflammation of the gall bladder cholelithiasis C. Gallstones = cholelithiasis: stones in the common bile duct = cholecystitis; inflammation of the common bile duct = choledocholithiasis; inflammation of the gall bladder cholangitis D. Gall stones = cholelithiasis; stones in the common bile duct-cholelithiasis; inflammation of the common bile duct = cholangitis; inflammation of the gall bladder - cholecystitis

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. This option incorrectly matches the terms: cholelithiasis refers to gallstones, not stones in the common bile duct; cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, not the common bile duct; choledocholithiasis refers to stones in the common bile duct, not inflammation.

B. This option reverses definitions: cholangitis is inflammation of the common bile duct, not gallstones; cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, not stones in the common bile duct; choledocholithiasis refers to stones in the common bile duct, not inflammation.

C. This option mislabels choledocholithiasis as inflammation of the common bile duct, but it actually refers to stones in the common bile duct; cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, not stones in the common bile duct; cholangitis is inflammation of the common bile duct, not the gallbladder.

D. This option correctly matches the terms: cholelithiasis means gallstones; choledocholithiasis refers to stones in the common bile duct; cholangitis is inflammation of the common bile duct; cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.

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A 51 year old male has been diagnosed with alcohol-induced liver disease. He admits to the nurse he does not understand what the liver does in the body. Which of these statements best explains the liver's function?

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