A nurse is assisting in the care of a 6-year-old client who has nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following adverse effects of corticosteroids should the nurse recognize as having the potential to impact the child's psychosocial development? (Select All that Apply.)

A. "Vaccinations, especially the MMR vaccine, have been proven to be a leading cause of autism in children." This statement is false. Extensive research has shown no link between vaccines, including the MMR vaccine, and autism. The original study suggesting a connection was discredited and retracted due to fraudulent data.

B. "ASD is primarily caused by poor parenting and a lack of nurturing in early childhood." This outdated theory, once known as the "refrigerator mother" hypothesis, has been debunked. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with biological origins, not a result of parenting style.

C. "The exact causes of autism spectrum disorder are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors." This is correct. Research suggests that genetic predisposition, along with environmental influences (such as prenatal factors or advanced parental age), plays a role in ASD development. However, no single cause has been identified.

D. "ASD can be caused by consuming gluten and casein, which are found in wheat and dairy products, respectively." There is no scientific evidence that gluten or casein causes autism. While some parents report behavioral improvements on gluten-free or casein-free diets, these diets do not cause or cure autism.

A. "Siblings may feel as if they have lost a parent, which can lead to poor mental health." When a child is diagnosed with a terminal illness, parents often focus most of their attention on the sick child, which can make siblings feel neglected or emotionally abandoned. This can lead to anxiety, depression, or behavioral issues, requiring additional support and reassurance.

B. "Most negative feelings regarding losing a child should diminish within a year." Grieving the loss of a child is a lifelong process, and emotions do not follow a set timeline. Many parents continue to experience profound grief for years, though their coping mechanisms may improve over time.

C. "Parents are less likely to rely on hospice care services if their child has a terminal illness." Hospice care is often recommended for children with terminal illnesses, as it provides pain management, emotional support, and quality-of-life care for both the child and family. Many parents seek hospice services to ensure their child is comfortable in their final days.

D. "Parents who feel hopeful are less equipped to make decisions that limit end-of-life interventions." Hope does not prevent parents from making informed medical decisions. Parents can hope for a miracle while still making practical choices about palliative care and limiting invasive interventions when necessary.