A nurse is caring for a client in the clinic who has a distended bladder with discomfort over the area and a sense of fullness. Which of the following tests should the nurse expect the health care provider to order to determine if the client has urinary retention? (Select all that apply.)
Postvoid urine residual measurement
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Cystourethrogram
Creatinine
Kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) x-ray
Bladder scan
Correct Answer : A,E,F
Choice A reason: Postvoid urine residual measurement is a direct method to assess for urinary retention.
Choice B reason: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels may indicate kidney function but not specifically urinary retention.
Choice C reason: A cystourethrogram is used to visualize the bladder and urethra, which may not be the first choice for assessing urinary retention.
Choice D reason: Creatinine levels indicate kidney function but not urinary retention.
Choice E reason: A kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) x-ray can show the size of the bladder and may indicate retention.
Choice F reason: A bladder scan is a non-invasive way to measure the amount of urine in the bladder and assess for
retention.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: pH 7.30 with elevated HCO3- and PaCO2 suggests compensated respiratory acidosis, not typical for chronic kidney disease.
Choice B reason: pH 7.55 with elevated HCO3- and low PaCO2 suggests metabolic alkalosis, which is not typical for chronic kidney disease.
Choice C reason: pH 7.25 with decreased HCO3- and PaCO2 suggests metabolic acidosis, which is expected in chronic kidney disease due to the accumulation of acids.
Choice D reason: pH 7.50 with low HCO3- and PaCO2 suggests compensated metabolic alkalosis, which is not typical for chronic kidney disease.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Black Americans have been found to have a higher prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes mellitus compared to other ethnic groups. This is atributed to a combination of factors including higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and genetic predispositions that contribute to kidney damage.
Choice B reason: While Asian Americans do have a significant incidence of diabetes mellitus, they are not the group with the highest prevalence of ESRD due to diabetes. However, within the Asian American population, there are subgroups that have higher rates of ESRD, which may be in?uenced by genetic and environmental factors.
Choice C reason: Non-Hispanic Whites have a lower prevalence of ESRD due to diabetes mellitus when compared to Black Americans. However, they still constitute a significant portion of the ESRD population due to the larger size of this demographic group in the general population.
Choice D reason: Hispanic/Latinos also su?er from a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which can lead to ESRD. However, the rate of progression to ESRD due to diabetes is not as high as in the Black American population.
Socioeconomic factors and access to healthcare may in?uence these outcomes.
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