A nurse is using Campinha-Bacote’s model of cultural competency. Which areas will the nurse focus on to become competent? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: The ego defense model, rooted in psychoanalytic theory, describes psychological mechanisms (e.g., denial) to cope with stress, not a normal line of defense for health. It focuses on mental protection, not holistic wellness, making it unrelated to the nursing theory described with a line of defense.

Choice B reason: The immunity model is not a recognized nursing theory. While immunity relates to biological defense, it does not encompass a “normal line of defense” for person, family, or community health. This choice is incorrect, as it lacks the holistic framework described in the question.

Choice C reason: Pender’s Health Promotion Model focuses on behaviors to enhance health but does not use the concept of a normal line of defense. It emphasizes individual motivation and barriers, not systemic protection against stressors, making it an incorrect match for the described nursing theory.

Choice D reason: The Neuman Systems Model views individuals, families, or communities as systems with a normal line of defense, a protective barrier against stressors. This holistic theory emphasizes maintaining stability through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, aligning with the described concept, making it the correct theory.

Choice A reason: Transpersonal connectedness involves a spiritual or transcendent bond beyond personal interaction, often with a higher power or universe. While spiritual care may include this, the nurse’s direct connection with the patient is more personal and relational, making interpersonal a more accurate description of the experienced connection.

Choice B reason: Multipersonal is not a recognized term in nursing or spiritual care contexts. It suggests multiple personal connections but lacks specificity. The nurse’s one-on-one connection with the patient during spiritual care is better described as interpersonal, focusing on their direct, personal interaction, making this incorrect.

Choice C reason: Intrapersonal connectedness refers to self-reflection or internal awareness, not a connection with another person. The nurse’s experience involves engaging with the patient, not self-focused introspection. This type does not apply to the relational aspect of providing spiritual care, making it an incorrect choice.

Choice D reason: Interpersonal connectedness occurs between two individuals, as when the nurse connects with the patient during spiritual care. This relational bond fosters trust, empathy, and support, aligning with the nurse’s role in addressing the patient’s spiritual needs through direct interaction, making this the correct type of connectedness experienced.