A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.29, bicarbonate (HCC) level of 25 mmol, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 55 mmHg Which cause is consistent with these lab values?
Shallow and decreased breathing secondary to COPD
Hyperventilation secondary to a panic attack
Increased renal HCO2 excretion due to kidney disease
Excessive H ion loss due to severe vomiting
The Correct Answer is A
A. Shallow and decreased breathing secondary to COPD: The lab values indicate respiratory acidosis, which is characterized by a low pH (acidic), normal bicarbonate levels, and elevated PaCO2. This is consistent with hypoventilation, often seen in conditions like COPD, where shallow breathing leads to CO2 retention.
B. Hyperventilation secondary to a panic attack: Hyperventilation would cause respiratory alkalosis, not acidosis, characterized by a high pH and low PaCO2.
C. Increased renal HCO3 excretion due to kidney disease: This would lead to metabolic acidosis, not respiratory acidosis, and would typically be associated with a low bicarbonate level.
D. Excessive H+ ion loss due to severe vomiting: Severe vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis due to loss of H+ ions, not respiratory acidosis.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Rheumatoid arthritis also involves morning stiffness and symmetrical joint pain, but it typically affects smaller joints first (e.g., hands, wrists), and does not usually cause Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes, which are more characteristic of osteoarthritis.
B. Osteomalacia involves bone softening due to vitamin D deficiency and does not present with joint nodes or the type of stiffness described.
C. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by morning stiffness, limited range of motion, and joint pain that worsens with activity. Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes are specific to osteoarthritis, typically appearing on the fingers.
D. Rickets is a pediatric disorder caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to bone deformities, but it does not cause the joint issues or nodes described.
Correct Answer is ["B","D"]
Explanation
A. CA-125 blood test: This test is used for ovarian cancer, not prostate cancer.
B. PSA levels: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are used to assess the risk and progression of prostate cancer. Elevated PSA levels can indicate a higher risk.
C. Liver enzyme levels: These are not used to assess prostate cancer risk.
D. Gleason score: The Gleason score evaluates the aggressiveness of prostate cancer based on histological findings. Higher scores indicate more aggressive disease and are used to assess risk.
E. Patient ethnicity: While it can influence cancer risk, it is not a direct measure of cancer risk level.
F. Urination frequency: This symptom is more indicative of prostate issues rather than a specific risk assessment for prostate cancer.
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