A patient with COPD is receiving oxygen therapy. Which considerations are important to ensure safe and effective oxygen administration for this patient?
(Select All that Apply.)

Increase oxygen flow rate if the patient appears anxious.

Administer high-flow oxygen to quickly relieve hypoxemia.

Monitor the patient's respiratory rate and effort frequently.

Adjust oxygen flow rate to maintain a saturation level of 88-92%.

Use a non-rebreather mask to maximize oxygen delivery.

Encourage the patient to take deep breaths frequently.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : C,D

A.   Increasing the oxygen flow rate due to anxiety can worsen carbon dioxide retention, which is dangerous in COPD patients.
B.   High-flow oxygen is typically not recommended for COPD patients because it can suppress respiratory drive.
C.   Monitoring the respiratory rate and effort is crucial to ensure the patient is not retaining carbon dioxide or experiencing further respiratory distress.
D.   Adjusting the oxygen flow rate to maintain a saturation level of 88-92% is recommended for COPD patients to prevent hypercapnia.
E.   A non-rebreather mask is generally not used for COPD patients, as it can deliver too much oxygen, leading to carbon dioxide retention.
F.   Encouraging deep breathing can help, but it is more important to focus on maintaining the proper oxygen saturation.

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","G"]

Explanation

A. Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms. It weakens the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
B. GERD is not primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid. It is usually due to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
C. GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. When the LES is weakened or relaxes abnormally, acid can reflux into the esophagus, causing symptoms.
D. Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms. It helps to prevent acid from moving back into the esophagus during sleep.
E. A diet high in citrus fruits is not recommended for GERD management. Citrus fruits can aggravate acid reflux symptoms.
F. Antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers are typically used to manage GERD symptoms.
G. Obesity is a risk factor for GERD. It can increase intra-abdominal pressure, which may contribute to the reflux of acid into the esophagus.

A. Mast cells B. T lymphocytes C. Hyperreactivity D. Inflammation E. Epithelial cells

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Mast cells play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of asthma. They release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, which contribute to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction in status asthmaticus.
B. T lymphocytes are involved in the immune response during asthma exacerbations. They release cytokines that further drive inflammation and airway remodeling in status asthmaticus.
C. Hyperreactivity is a characteristic of asthma, but it is a result of inflammation, rather than being a direct cause of the circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines.
D. Inflammation is a central feature of status asthmaticus. It leads to airway narrowing, increased mucus production, and the recruitment of inflammatory cells, contributing to severe symptoms.
E. Epithelial cells are involved in airway inflammation and repair. They release pro-inflammatory cytokines that attract immune cells to the site of infection or irritation, contributing to airway obstruction in asthma.

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A patient with COPD is receiving oxygen therapy. Which considerations are important to ensure safe and effective oxygen administration for this patient? (Select All that Apply.)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD? (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","G"]

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client with manifestations of status asthmaticus. Which of the following factors play a role in creating circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this condition? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

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A patient with COPD is receiving oxygen therapy. Which considerations are important to ensure safe and effective oxygen administration for this patient? (Select All that Apply.)

A patient with COPD is receiving oxygen therapy. Which considerations are important to ensure safe and effective oxygen administration for this patient?
(Select All that Apply.)