A patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is admitted to the emergency department with deep, rapid breathing, abdominal pain, and confusion. Which of the following laboratory findings would most likely confirm a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL with low insulin levels.

Blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL with normal ketone levels.

Blood glucose level of 250 mg/dL with normal ketone levels.

Blood glucose level of 600 mg/dL with elevated ketone levels in blood and urine.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A.   A blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL is too low for DKA, which typically involves hyperglycemia above 250 mg/dL.
B.   A blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL and normal ketone levels are inconsistent with DKA, as DKA involves both high glucose and elevated ketones.
C.   A blood glucose level of 250 mg/dL with normal ketone levels would not suggest DKA. Elevated ketones are a critical part of diagnosing DKA.
D.   A blood glucose level of 600 mg/dL with elevated ketone levels in blood and urine confirms DKA, a life-threatening complication of Type 1 diabetes.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Increasing the oxygen flow rate could worsen respiratory depression in patients with COPD, as they rely on low oxygen levels to stimulate breathing.
B. Switching to a non-rebreather mask could further elevate the oxygen levels and may lead to hypoventilation or respiratory distress.
C. Monitoring the patient closely and reassessing in 30 minutes might be appropriate if the patient shows no immediate signs of respiratory distress, but the priority is to address the decreased respiratory rate.
D. Reducing the oxygen flow rate to 1 L/min and notifying the healthcare provider is the most appropriate action, as it may reduce the risk of respiratory depression caused by excessive oxygen.

A. Mast cells B. T lymphocytes C. Hyperreactivity D. Inflammation E. Epithelial cells

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Mast cells play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of asthma. They release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, which contribute to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction in status asthmaticus.
B. T lymphocytes are involved in the immune response during asthma exacerbations. They release cytokines that further drive inflammation and airway remodeling in status asthmaticus.
C. Hyperreactivity is a characteristic of asthma, but it is a result of inflammation, rather than being a direct cause of the circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines.
D. Inflammation is a central feature of status asthmaticus. It leads to airway narrowing, increased mucus production, and the recruitment of inflammatory cells, contributing to severe symptoms.
E. Epithelial cells are involved in airway inflammation and repair. They release pro-inflammatory cytokines that attract immune cells to the site of infection or irritation, contributing to airway obstruction in asthma.

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A patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is admitted to the emergency department with deep, rapid breathing, abdominal pain, and confusion. Which of the following laboratory findings would most likely confirm a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is receiving oxygen therapy at 2 L/min via nasal cannula. After assessing the patient, the nurse notes increased drowsiness and a decreased respiratory rate. What is the most appropriate action for the nurse to take?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client with manifestations of status asthmaticus. Which of the following factors play a role in creating circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this condition? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

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