Which of the following best describes an illusion?

A. Nagasaki Anxiety Scale. There is no recognized Nagasaki Anxiety Scale used in clinical practice for diagnosing anxiety disorders.

B. Vanderbilt Anxiety Scale. The Vanderbilt Assessment Scale is primarily used for ADHD screening in children, not for anxiety disorders. It evaluates symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, along with comorbid behavioral issues.

C. Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a widely used diagnostic tool for assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms. It evaluates somatic and psychological symptoms of anxiety, such as tension, fears, insomnia, and autonomic disturbances. It is commonly used in clinical and research settings to monitor treatment response.

D. Jarrad and Cesar Anxiety Scale. There is no known Jarrad and Cesar Anxiety Scale in psychological or psychiatric diagnostic testing, making it an invalid option for anxiety assessment.

A. Vindictive. Being vindictive is more characteristic of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) rather than conduct disorder (CD). While both disorders involve defiant and hostile behavior, ODD is marked by persistent anger, argumentativeness, and vindictiveness, whereas CD includes more severe violations of social norms and the rights of others.

B. Deceitful. Deceitfulness is a core symptom of conduct disorder. It includes lying, manipulating others, shoplifting, and breaking promises for personal gain. This behavior is often done without guilt or remorse.

C. Aggressive towards people and animals. Physical aggression is a defining feature of conduct disorder. Individuals may bully, threaten, fight, use weapons, or show cruelty towards animals without regard for others' safety.

D. Destroying property. Conduct disorder includes deliberate destruction of property, such as vandalism, arson, or breaking into buildings, often as a way to exert control or express defiance.