At 3 years old, children scribble all over the page; but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings, because 4-year-olds have more developed

A. reaching ability: Reaching is a prerequisite skill, but the specific precision of picking up Cheerios depends on finger control rather than general reaching.
B. gross motor skills: Gross motor skills involve large-muscle actions (sitting, crawling) and don’t explain the fine finger control needed for Cheerios.
C. the palmer grasp: The palmar (palmer) grasp uses the whole hand and is an infant reflex; it does not allow precise thumb–finger picking.
D. the pincer grip: The pincer grip (thumb and forefinger opposition) enables picking up small objects like Cheerios and matches the description.

A. post-conventional morality: Post-conventional reasoning is based on abstract principles and personal moral codes (e.g., justice), not on avoiding parental punishment.
B. pre-conventional morality: Pre-conventional morality (stage 1) is driven by obedience and avoidance of punishment; saying “Because my mom will spank me” exemplifies this level of moral reasoning.
C. conventional morality: Conventional morality emphasizes social rules, law, and maintaining relationships (doing things because they’re expected), not solely avoiding punishment.
D. morality: This is a general term for principles of right and wrong and doesn’t specify the specific stage or reasoning level demonstrated.