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parenting involves encouraging children to be independent and allowing verbal exchange. The result is a child who is often self-controlled and achievement oriented.

A. exosystem: The exosystem includes settings that affect the individual indirectly (e.g., a parent’s workplace), not the immediate setting the person directly occupies.
B. macrosystem: The macrosystem refers to broad cultural values, laws, and customs, not the specific setting where an individual lives.
C. microsystem: The microsystem is the immediate environment (home, school, peers)—the primary setting in which an individual lives and interacts.
D. mesosystem: The mesosystem consists of interactions among microsystems (e.g., parent–teacher relationships), not the single setting itself.

A. Phenylketonuria (PKU) and XYY syndrome: PKU is an autosomal recessive single-gene disorder (not caused by an extra chromosome); XYY is caused by an extra Y chromosome, so only one of these fits.
B. Down syndrome and Turner syndrome: Down syndrome results from an extra chromosome (trisomy 21), but Turner syndrome is monosomy X (a missing X), not an extra chromosome.
C. Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome: Both are caused by an extra chromosome (Klinefelter = XXY; Down = trisomy 21).
D. Turner syndrome and sickle-cell anemia: Turner syndrome is due to a missing X chromosome (monosomy), and sickle-cell anemia is a single-gene mutation; neither is caused by an extra chromosome.