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involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding right and wrong.

A. Erik Erikson: Erikson proposed the psychosocial stages (including identity vs. role confusion) but did not formalize the four empirical identity statuses.
B. James Marcia: Marcia operationalized identity development into four statuses (diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement), making him the correct choice.
C. Reed Larson: Larson is known for research on adolescent activities and development, not for defining the four identity statuses.
D. Jean Phinney: Phinney is noted for work on ethnic identity development rather than Marcia’s four-status model.

A. the endoderm: The endoderm forms internal linings (digestive, respiratory) and associated organs, not sensory organs like eyes/ears/nose.
B. the ectoderm: The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and sensory structures (parts of the eyes, ears, and nasal epithelium), so defects in ectodermal formation would most likely affect these organs.
C. the mesoderm: The mesoderm forms muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and some connective tissues, rather than primary sensory organs.
D. Any of the three layers: While severe, widespread developmental problems could involve multiple layers, specific defects of eyes/ears/nose point most directly to ectodermal origins rather than any layer equally.