In hemodialysis patients, blood is accessed by the surgical attachment of an artery to a vein known as:
Catheter
Peripheral Intravenous Line
Arteriovenous Graft (AVG)
Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF)
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: A catheter is a flexible tube inserted into the body to allow the passage of fluids or other substances. While catheters can be used for hemodialysis, they are typically considered temporary access points and are not created by surgically attaching an artery to a vein.
Choice B reason: A peripheral intravenous line (PIV) is a catheter placed into a small peripheral vein. PIVs are commonly used for short-term access to administer medications or fluids but are not suitable for the high flow rates needed for hemodialysis and are not surgically created by joining an artery and a vein.
Choice C reason: An arteriovenous graft (AVG) involves using a synthetic tube to connect an artery and a vein. AVGs are used for patients who cannot have an AVF due to small or weak veins. While AVGs are a viable option for hemodialysis, they are not the preferred method due to higher rates of complications like infections and clotting compared to AVFs.
Choice D reason: An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred method of vascular access for long-term hemodialysis. It is created by surgically connecting an artery to a vein, usually in the arm. This connection allows for increased blood flow through the vein, which enlarges and strengthens it, making it suitable for repeated needle insertions during dialysis sessions. AVFs are preferred because they have lower rates of complications and provide better long-term access compared to other methods.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: While obesity can be associated with hypercholesterolemia, this condition primarily affects lipid levels and cardiovascular health rather than directly impairing insulin circulation.
Choice B reason: Obesity is not solely a result of high sugar intake. While diet plays a role, obesity involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. High sugar intake can contribute to weight gain, but it is not the direct cause of obesity.
Choice C reason: Obesity releases fatty acids and cytokines, which interfere with insulin receptors. Adipose tissue in obese individuals releases pro-inflammatory cytokines and fatty acids that can cause insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signaling pathways.
Choice D reason: Obesity is not directly associated with a mutation of the MiR-21 gene. While genetic factors can contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes, the primary mechanism involves metabolic and inflammatory pathways rather than specific gene mutations.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Neuropathies occur due to the thickening, sclerosis, obstruction, and ischemia of the small blood vessels that supply the nerves (vasa nervorum). Chronic hyperglycemia leads to damage of these blood vessels, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply to the nerves. This ischemia results in nerve degeneration, delayed nerve conduction, and impaired sensory function, which are characteristic of diabetic neuropathy.
Choice B reason: Infection in the nerves is not a primary cause of diabetic neuropathy. While infections can affect the nerves, the neuropathy associated with diabetes is primarily due to vascular complications and chronic hyperglycemia, not infections.
Choice C reason: Excessive glucose exposure to the brain and spinal cord is not directly related to neuropathy. The neuropathic complications in diabetes are due to the damage of peripheral nerves caused by hyperglycemia and vascular insufficiency, rather than glucose affecting the central nervous system.
Choice D reason: Inability to provide continuous glucose to the brain and spinal cord is not a cause of neuropathy. The brain and spinal cord typically have a continuous supply of glucose. Neuropathy in diabetes results from the damage to the peripheral nerves due to prolonged high blood glucose levels and subsequent vascular complications.
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