Individuals with diabetes are having a staggering rate of macrovascular complications due to:

Choice A reason: Excessive fluid replacement can lead to hypervolemia because it increases the total volume of fluid in the body. This can overwhelm the body's regulatory mechanisms, leading to fluid overload.

Choice B reason: Dehydration is not a cause of hypervolemia. In fact, dehydration is the opposite condition, where there is a lack of fluid in the body. Dehydration leads to a decrease in fluid volume, not an increase.

Choice C reason: Liver cirrhosis can cause hypervolemia because it impairs the liver's ability to regulate fluid balance. This can result in fluid retention and buildup in the body, leading to hypervolemia.

Choice D reason: Kidney failure can cause hypervolemia because the kidneys are responsible for maintaining fluid balance by excreting excess fluid. When the kidneys fail, they cannot effectively remove excess fluid, leading to fluid overload.

Choice A reason: Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include hypertension, family history, and obesity. These factors increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is often seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes due to the correlation between these conditions. A family history of diabetes indicates a genetic predisposition to the disease. Obesity, particularly central obesity (excess fat around the abdomen), is a significant risk factor as it contributes to insulin resistance, a key component in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

Choice B reason: The onset of type 2 diabetes is typically gradual, which means that it develops slowly over time. Many individuals may have prediabetes for years before their condition progresses to type 2 diabetes. This gradual onset can make it challenging to diagnose early, as symptoms may be mild or absent initially. Early detection through routine screening and awareness of risk factors is essential in managing and preventing the progression of the disease.

Choice C reason: Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90-95% of all diabetes cases. It is the most common form of diabetes and is primarily characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Unlike type 1 diabetes, where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells, type 2 diabetes typically develops due to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as poor diet and lack of physical activity.

Choice D reason: Significant weight loss is not a typical sign of type 2 diabetes. Instead, it is more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, where the body cannot produce insulin, leading to the breakdown of fat and muscle for energy. In type 2 diabetes, weight loss may occur if blood sugar levels are very high, but it is not a common initial symptom. More commonly, individuals with type 2 diabetes may experience symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.