Males are more likely than females to be affected by:
Autosomal-recessive disorders
Autosomal-dominant disorders
Chromosomal nondisjunction
X-linked (Sex) disorders
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Autosomal-recessive disorders affect both males and females equally because the gene in question is located on one of the autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). Each individual has two copies of each autosomal gene, one from each parent. An autosomal-recessive disorder manifests when an individual inherits two copies of a mutant gene, one from each parent. Therefore, gender does not influence the likelihood of being affected.
Choice B reason: Autosomal-dominant disorders also affect both males and females equally. These disorders occur when a single copy of a mutant gene on an autosome is sufficient to cause the disorder. Since autosomes are present in both males and females equally, the likelihood of inheriting an autosomal-dominant disorder is not influenced by gender.
Choice C reason: Chromosomal nondisjunction refers to errors in cell division that result in an abnormal number of chromosomes. While some conditions resulting from chromosomal nondisjunction can show gender bias (such as Turner syndrome affecting females and Klinefelter syndrome affecting males), it is not accurate to say that males are generally more likely than females to be affected by chromosomal nondisjunction.
Choice D reason: X-linked (sex-linked) disorders are more likely to affect males than females because the gene causing the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), while females have two X chromosomes (XX). If a male inherits a mutant gene on the X chromosome, he will express the disorder because he does not have a second X chromosome to mask the effect. In contrast, females would need two copies of the mutant gene (one on each X chromosome) to express the disorder, making it less likely for them to be affected.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Normal Saline is an isotonic crystalloid solution that is commonly used to treat hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a significant loss of blood or fluids, leading to decreased circulating blood volume and impaired tissue perfusion. The administration of Normal Saline helps to restore the intravascular volume, improve blood pressure, and enhance tissue perfusion. It is considered the first-line treatment for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic shock because it quickly replaces lost volume without causing significant shifts in fluid balance.
Choice B reason: Vasoconstrictor agents are medications that constrict blood vessels, which can help to increase blood pressure. However, in the context of hypovolemic shock, they are not the first line of treatment. The primary issue in hypovolemic shock is the loss of blood or fluid volume, and the initial focus should be on volume replacement. Vasoconstrictor agents may be used later if there is persistent hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation, but they are not appropriate as the initial therapy.
Choice C reason: Steroids are anti-inflammatory agents that can be used in various medical conditions, but they are not indicated for the immediate treatment of hypovolemic shock. The primary concern in hypovolemic shock is rapid volume replacement to restore perfusion. Steroids do not address the underlying issue of fluid loss and are not appropriate in this acute setting.
Choice D reason: 5% Dextrose in water is a hypotonic solution that is primarily used for providing free water and sometimes for delivering glucose. It is not suitable for treating hypovolemic shock because it does not effectively expand the intravascular volume. In fact, it can exacerbate fluid shifts and may lead to worsening hypotension. The appropriate initial therapy for hypovolemic shock is an isotonic solution like Normal Saline, which effectively increases the circulating blood volume.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Anuria, which is the absence of urine production, is not a typical symptom of acute pyelonephritis. This condition usually presents with symptoms related to inflammation and infection of the kidneys rather than complete cessation of urine output.
Choice B reason: Edema, or swelling due to fluid accumulation, is more commonly associated with chronic kidney diseases or conditions like nephrotic syndrome. Acute pyelonephritis primarily involves an active infection and inflammation rather than fluid retention.
Choice C reason: Fever is a common and significant symptom of acute pyelonephritis. This condition is an infection of the kidneys that often presents with systemic signs of infection such as fever, chills, and malaise. Patients may also experience flank pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Choice D reason: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can be seen in chronic kidney disease but is not a hallmark symptom of acute pyelonephritis. The acute infection of the kidneys primarily manifests with fever, pain, and urinary symptoms rather than elevated blood pressure.
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