Males are more likely than females to be affected by:
Autosomal-recessive disorders
Autosomal-dominant disorders
Chromosomal nondisjunction
X-linked (Sex) disorders
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Autosomal-recessive disorders affect both males and females equally because the gene in question is located on one of the autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). Each individual has two copies of each autosomal gene, one from each parent. An autosomal-recessive disorder manifests when an individual inherits two copies of a mutant gene, one from each parent. Therefore, gender does not influence the likelihood of being affected.
Choice B reason: Autosomal-dominant disorders also affect both males and females equally. These disorders occur when a single copy of a mutant gene on an autosome is sufficient to cause the disorder. Since autosomes are present in both males and females equally, the likelihood of inheriting an autosomal-dominant disorder is not influenced by gender.
Choice C reason: Chromosomal nondisjunction refers to errors in cell division that result in an abnormal number of chromosomes. While some conditions resulting from chromosomal nondisjunction can show gender bias (such as Turner syndrome affecting females and Klinefelter syndrome affecting males), it is not accurate to say that males are generally more likely than females to be affected by chromosomal nondisjunction.
Choice D reason: X-linked (sex-linked) disorders are more likely to affect males than females because the gene causing the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), while females have two X chromosomes (XX). If a male inherits a mutant gene on the X chromosome, he will express the disorder because he does not have a second X chromosome to mask the effect. In contrast, females would need two copies of the mutant gene (one on each X chromosome) to express the disorder, making it less likely for them to be affected.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Red-orange colored bodily secretions are a well-known side effect of the medication rifampin, not isoniazid. Rifampin, often used in combination therapy for tuberculosis, can cause bodily fluids such as urine, sweat, and tears to turn a red or orange color. However, isoniazid does not cause this specific discoloration and is more commonly associated with different side effects.
Choice B reason: Tingling sensation in fingers and toes, also known as peripheral neuropathy, is a recognized side effect of isoniazid. This medication can interfere with the metabolism of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), leading to a deficiency that causes neuropathy. Patients taking isoniazid are often prescribed vitamin B6 supplements to prevent or mitigate this side effect. Peripheral neuropathy presents as tingling, numbness, or burning sensations, especially in the extremities, and taking vitamin B6 helps to alleviate these symptoms.
Choice C reason: Difficulty distinguishing the color red from green, or color blindness, is not a known side effect of isoniazid. Color vision deficiency is not typically associated with the use of isoniazid. Other medications, such as ethambutol, used in tuberculosis treatment can affect color vision, but isoniazid primarily causes peripheral neuropathy and liver toxicity rather than visual disturbances.
Choice D reason: Light sensitivity, or photophobia, is not commonly associated with isoniazid use. This symptom is more likely linked to conditions or medications affecting the eyes or central nervous system. Isoniazid's side effects are mainly related to liver toxicity and peripheral neuropathy, not to light sensitivity.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Autonomic dysreflexia is a condition that occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries, typically at or above the T6 level. It is characterized by a sudden and severe increase in blood pressure (hypertension), accompanied by a slowed heart rate (bradycardia) and severe headache. This condition results from an exaggerated autonomic response to stimuli below the level of the spinal cord injury, such as a distended bladder or bowel, leading to the release of catecholamines and subsequent vasoconstriction.
Choice B reason: Hypotension and shock are not characteristic of autonomic dysreflexia. Instead, autonomic dysreflexia involves hypertension. Hypotension and shock are more commonly associated with conditions such as spinal shock or severe blood loss, not the autonomic crisis seen in autonomic dysreflexia.
Choice C reason: Extreme pain below the level of injury can occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries, but it is not a hallmark of autonomic dysreflexia. The condition is primarily marked by the triad of hypertension, bradycardia, and headache. Pain below the level of injury may be related to other complications of spinal cord injury but does not define autonomic dysreflexia.
Choice D reason: Pallor and vasodilation above the level of injury are not typical features of autonomic dysreflexia. In fact, above the level of injury, individuals may experience vasoconstriction and flushing due to the altered autonomic responses. The key symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia are hypertension, bradycardia, and headache.
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