A couple seeks counseling about the risk of their child developing a recessive disorder. The woman is affected and upon further testing it is determined that the man is a carrier. Which of the following is true?

Choice A reason: Severe hypotension is associated with prerenal acute kidney injury, not postrenal. Prerenal acute kidney injury results from decreased blood flow to the kidneys due to conditions like severe hypotension, leading to reduced kidney perfusion.

Choice B reason: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a form of intrinsic or intrarenal acute kidney injury, not postrenal. ATN is typically caused by prolonged ischemia or exposure to nephrotoxic agents, which directly damage the kidney tubules.

Choice C reason: Postrenal acute kidney injury is caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents urine from leaving the kidneys, leading to increased pressure and kidney damage. Bilateral kidney stones partially blocking the flow of urine can cause such an obstruction, leading to postrenal acute kidney injury.

Choice D reason: Glomerulonephritis is a type of intrinsic or intrarenal acute kidney injury, not postrenal. It involves inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the filtering units within the kidneys, and is not typically caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract.

Choice A reason: Bronchoconstriction refers to the narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the contraction of the surrounding smooth muscle. This condition is typically associated with asthma or allergic reactions and is not directly related to Virchow's triad, which concerns factors leading to thrombosis (formation of blood clots).

Choice B reason: Pulmonary embolus is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the legs or other parts of the body (deep vein thrombosis). Virchow's triad describes the three primary factors that predispose individuals to thrombosis: hypercoagulability (increased tendency of blood to clot), stasis of blood flow, and endothelial injury (damage to the blood vessel wall). These factors contribute to the formation of blood clots, which can ultimately result in a pulmonary embolus if they dislodge and travel to the lungs.

Choice C reason: Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure is not a consequence of the factors described in Virchow's triad. In fact, a pulmonary embolus can lead to increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to the obstruction of blood flow in the pulmonary arteries, which can strain the right side of the heart and lead to complications.

Choice D reason: Alveolar collapse, also known as atelectasis, occurs when the tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) deflate or fill with fluid. This condition is typically due to reasons such as airway obstruction, surfactant deficiency, or lung compression, and is not directly related to the formation of blood clots described by Virchow's triad.