Maria is pregnant. If her child fits one of the Chess and Thomas temperaments, statistically speaking, which temperament will her child most likely display?

A. centration: Centration (focusing on one aspect of a situation) is a hallmark of the preoperational stage.
B. animism: Animism (attributing life/intentions to inanimate objects) is typical of preoperational children.
C. egocentrism: Egocentrism (difficulty taking others’ perspectives) is central to the preoperational stage.
D. All of the answers are correct: Since centration, animism, and egocentrism are all characteristic of the preoperational stage, this answer is correct.

A. During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential: Immune maturation occurs over childhood, but evolutionary accounts emphasize learning and brain development rather than immune maturation as the main reason for extended childhood.
B. During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain the experience required to master the complexities of human society: Developmental evolutionary psychologists favor this explanation: humans have large, slow-maturing brains and need an extended period to learn complex social, technological, and cultural skills.
C. A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life span was considerably shorter than it is today: This “spandrel” or vestigial explanation is not the favored evolutionary account; extended childhood is usually seen as adaptive for learning and brain growth.
D. Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of independent behavior: Rebellion may occur in adolescence but evolutionary psychology does not frame extended childhood primarily as producing rebellion; it emphasizes learning and skill acquisition.