Mortality for patients with progeria is most commonly a result of

A. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of fatty plaques in the arteries, is a common cause of death in patients with progeria. These patients experience accelerated aging, which leads to early development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, which contributes to their early mortality.

B. Psychosis is not typically associated with progeria. The condition primarily affects physical aging processes rather than causing psychiatric symptoms like psychosis.

C. While rapid aging is the hallmark of progeria, it is not the direct cause of death. Instead, it leads to the development of age-related diseases like cardiovascular issues, which are the main contributors to mortality.

D. Scleroderma is a condition involving the hardening of the skin and connective tissues, but it is not a direct cause of death in progeria. The primary cause of death is related to cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis.

A. Cyanosis is a common feature in both chronic bronchitis and emphysema due to hypoxemia, but it is more often seen in chronic bronchitis due to the persistent airway obstruction and reduced gas exchange.

B. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is more commonly associated with emphysema due to the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity, which impairs gas exchange. Chronic bronchitis can also cause dyspnea, but it is more closely linked with emphysema.

C. Lymphadenopathy is not a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis or emphysema; it is more associated with infections or malignancies.

D. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a persistent cough with sputum production, which is a hallmark symptom. This is more prominent in chronic bronchitis than in emphysema, where the cough is less frequent and sputum production is less significant.