Preparing a patient for a diagnostic test, and telling the patient what to expect during and after the test, is considered:

A. Stroke Rehabilitation:

Explanation: Stroke rehabilitation is a long-term goal because it involves a process of recovery and adaptation over an extended period. Stroke survivors often need ongoing therapy, medical management, and support to regain lost functions and improve their quality of life. Achieving the maximum possible recovery can take months or even years, making it a long-term goal in healthcare.
B. Adequate Fluid Intake:

Explanation: Adequate fluid intake is essential for maintaining good health, but it is generally considered a short to medium-term goal. While ensuring a patient's proper hydration is crucial, it is typically resolved within a short timeframe by encouraging the patient to drink more fluids. Health professionals can monitor this relatively easily and make adjustments accordingly, making it a shorter-term goal compared to stroke rehabilitation.
C. Treatment of a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):

Explanation: Treating a UTI is typically a short-term goal. Once diagnosed, UTIs can be effectively treated with antibiotics. Patients are usually prescribed a course of antibiotics, and symptoms generally improve within a few days. Monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment and ensuring the infection is completely resolved are parts of the short-term care plan.
D. Treatment of Pneumonia:

Explanation: Similar to a UTI, treating pneumonia is usually a short to medium-term goal. Pneumonia often requires a course of antibiotics and supportive care. Patients can experience improvement within a few days to a couple of weeks, depending on the severity of the infection. Monitoring the patient's response to treatment and ensuring complete resolution are essential short to medium-term objectives in pneumonia management.

A. Administering pain medication: Administering medication typically requires a healthcare provider's order. Nurses can administer medications, but this action is not independent; it relies on a prescription.

B. Teaching a patient how to change their dressing before they are discharged: This is an independent nursing action. Nurses are educated and trained to provide patient education. Teaching patients about wound care and dressing changes falls under their scope of practice and doesn't require a physician's order.

C. Changing a patient's diet from pureed to regular: Changing a patient's diet usually involves dietary guidelines set by a healthcare provider. Nurses can implement these dietary changes based on the provider's orders but cannot independently change a patient's diet without an order from a healthcare provider.

D. Giving a back rub: Providing comfort measures like a back rub is an independent nursing action. It falls under the domain of holistic nursing care and doesn't require a specific physician's order. Nurses often use such measures to promote relaxation and alleviate discomfort.

E. Repositioning a patient in bed: This is an independent nursing action. Regular repositioning is crucial for preventing pressure ulcers and maintaining a patient's comfort. Nurses assess the patient's mobility and reposition them as needed without requiring specific orders each time.