Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:

Choice A Reason:

Beta2 activation results in bronchodilation. This is a well-known effect where the activation of beta2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways leads to relaxation and widening of the airways, making it easier to breathe. This effect is commonly utilized in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Choice B Reason:

Beta2 activation also results in glycogenolysis. This process involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which increases blood sugar levels. This effect is part of the body’s response to stress, providing additional energy for the “fight or flight” response.

Choice C Reason:

Beta2 activation results in vasodilation of skeletal muscles. This means that the blood vessels supplying the skeletal muscles widen, increasing blood flow to these muscles. This effect helps to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during periods of increased activity.

Choice D Reason:

This is the correct answer. Beta2 activation does not result in the contraction of uterine muscle; rather, it causes relaxation of the uterine smooth muscle. This effect is beneficial in preventing premature labor by reducing uterine contractions. Therefore, the statement that beta2 activation results in contraction of uterine muscle is incorrect and indicates a need for further teaching.

Choice A: Hypoventilation

Hypoventilation refers to inadequate ventilation that leads to an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, resulting in respiratory acidosis. This condition is characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to the accumulation of CO2, which forms carbonic acid. Hypoventilation does not cause metabolic acidosis, as it primarily affects the respiratory component of acid-base balance.

Choice B: Massive Blood Transfusion

Massive blood transfusion can lead to metabolic alkalosis rather than metabolic acidosis. This is because stored blood products often contain citrate, which is metabolized to bicarbonate in the liver, increasing the blood’s alkalinity. Additionally, the transfusion of large volumes of blood can dilute the plasma bicarbonate concentration, but this typically does not result in metabolic acidosis.

Choice C: Kidney Failure

Kidney failure is a common cause of metabolic acidosis. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-). When the kidneys fail, they are unable to remove sufficient acids from the blood, leading to an accumulation of metabolic acids and a decrease in blood pH. This condition is known as metabolic acidosis and can result from chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI).

Choice D: Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis, not metabolic acidosis. This condition occurs when there is excessive ventilation, causing a decrease in CO2 levels in the blood and an increase in blood pH. Hyperventilation reduces the concentration of carbonic acid, leading to an alkaline state. It does not contribute to metabolic acidosis, which involves an imbalance in the metabolic components of acid-base regulation.