An indicator that an individual is experiencing acute stress is:
Decreased respirations
Tachycardia
Hair loss
Pupil constriction
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A: Decreased Respirations
Decreased respirations, or a slower breathing rate, are not typically associated with acute stress. In fact, acute stress often leads to an increase in respiratory rate as part of the body’s “fight or flight” response. This response is mediated by the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat by increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure.
Choice B: Tachycardia
Tachycardia, or an increased heart rate, is a common indicator of acute stress. When an individual experiences acute stress, the body releases stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones stimulate the heart to beat faster, providing more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and brain to prepare for a rapid response to the stressor. Tachycardia is a hallmark of the acute stress response and can be easily measured by checking the pulse.
Choice C: Hair Loss
Hair loss is generally associated with chronic stress rather than acute stress. Chronic stress can lead to conditions such as telogen effluvium, where hair follicles enter a resting phase and hair falls out more easily. However, this process takes time and is not an immediate response to acute stress. Therefore, hair loss is not a reliable indicator of acute stress.
Choice D: Pupil Constriction
Pupil constriction, or miosis, is not typically associated with acute stress. In fact, acute stress usually causes pupil dilation (mydriasis) as part of the “fight or flight” response. Dilated pupils allow more light to enter the eyes, improving vision and awareness of the surroundings. Pupil constriction is more commonly associated with relaxation or the body’s “rest and digest” state, mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Psychosocial factors, such as stress, beliefs, and expectations, can influence drug response to some extent. However, they are not the primary reason for the most common variations in drug response. These factors might affect how a patient perceives the effectiveness of a drug, but they do not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of the drug itself.
Choice B Reason:
Drug receptor sites can vary between individuals, affecting how well a drug binds and exerts its effect. While this can contribute to differences in drug response, it is not the most common cause. Variations in receptor sites are often due to genetic differences, which can influence the efficacy and potency of a drug.
Choice C Reason:
This is the correct answer. The metabolism of drugs is the most common cause of variation in drug response among individuals. Differences in metabolic rates can be attributed to genetic factors, age, liver function, and the presence of other medications. These factors affect how quickly a drug is broken down and eliminated from the body, leading to variations in drug levels and responses.
Choice D Reason:
Hypersensitivity potential refers to the likelihood of an individual having an allergic reaction to a drug. While this can cause significant differences in drug response, it is not the most common reason for variations. Hypersensitivity reactions are relatively rare compared to metabolic differences.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Fat necrosis occurs when fatty tissues are damaged, leading to the release of enzymes that break down fat cells. This type of necrosis is commonly seen in the pancreas and breast tissue, often due to trauma or pancreatitis. It is not typically associated with brain tissue.
Choice B Reason:
Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cells for a few days after cell death. This type of necrosis is usually seen in tissues affected by ischemia, such as the heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands. However, it is not the typical pattern of necrosis seen in brain tissue.
Choice C Reason:
Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. It is most commonly associated with tuberculosis infections in the lungs. This type of necrosis is not typically seen in brain tissue.
Choice D Reason:
Liquefactive necrosis is the correct answer. This type of necrosis occurs when the tissue becomes soft and liquefied, often forming a pus-filled cavity. It is commonly seen in the brain due to ischemic injury or bacterial infections. The high lipid content and low structural support in brain tissue make it particularly susceptible to liquefactive necrosis.
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