The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion include which solute?

Choice A reason: Hallucinations are positive symptoms of schizophrenia, involving sensory experiences not based in reality, like hearing voices. Negative symptoms involve deficits, such as reduced emotional expression or social engagement. Since hallucinations add to experience, they are not negative, making this incorrect for negative symptoms.

Choice B reason: Apathy, a lack of motivation or interest, is a negative symptom of schizophrenia, reflecting diminished emotional and behavioral responses. It aligns with deficits in normal functioning, a hallmark of negative symptoms, making it a correct choice for this category of schizophrenia manifestations.

Choice C reason: Absence of normal social and interpersonal behaviors, such as social withdrawal, is a negative symptom, indicating reduced engagement and interaction. This deficit in typical social functioning is characteristic of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, making it a correct selection for this question.

Choice D reason: Sensory overload from impaired sensory filtering is not a standard negative symptom; it’s more related to cognitive or positive symptoms like hallucinations. Negative symptoms involve reduced behaviors, like apathy, so this is incorrect for the negative symptom category in schizophrenia.

Choice E reason: Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, is a negative symptom, reflecting a deficit in emotional response. It is a core feature of reduced functioning in schizophrenia, aligning with negative symptom criteria, making it a correct choice for this question.

Choice F reason: Incomprehensible speech, such as disorganized speech, is a positive symptom, adding disordered communication to the patient’s experience. Negative symptoms involve reduced behaviors, like social withdrawal, so this is incorrect for the negative symptom category in schizophrenia.

Choice G reason: Delusions, false beliefs, are positive symptoms, adding to the patient’s mental experience. Negative symptoms involve deficits, such as lack of motivation, not added beliefs. This makes delusions incorrect for the negative symptom category in schizophrenia manifestations.

Choice A reason: The initial stage of Alzheimer’s involves subtle short-term memory loss, mild personality changes, and forgetting details. This accurately describes early disease progression, aligning with clinical staging, making it a correct choice for Alzheimer’s stages.

Choice B reason: The moderate stage includes impaired higher cortical functions (language, spatial skills), not “no change.” This incorrect description of cognitive decline makes it an inaccurate choice for Alzheimer’s moderate stage characteristics.

Choice C reason: The moderate stage involves global cognitive impairment, including language and spatial deficits, disorientation, and inability to perform daily activities. This accurate description of moderate Alzheimer’s makes it a correct choice for the disease’s stages.

Choice D reason: The severe stage of Alzheimer’s includes loss of environmental response, requiring total care and often bedridden status. This reflects advanced disease progression, making it a correct selection for Alzheimer’s stages.

Choice E reason: Initial Alzheimer’s affects short-term, not long-term, memory. Long-term memory loss occurs later, so this inaccurate description of the initial stage makes it incorrect for Alzheimer’s early manifestations.

Choice F reason: The severe stage involves complete, not slight, loss of environmental response. This underestimation of severe Alzheimer’s dependency and disability makes it incorrect for the disease’s advanced stage.