The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands the client is on both levodopa and carbidopa for which of the following reasons?

The use of carbidopa prevents dyskinesia.

Using both drugs prevents drug tolerance.

The combination of both medications is necessary to prevent side effects.

The carbidopa prevents the premature metabolism of levodopa.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Carbidopa does not directly prevent dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is often a side effect of long-term levodopa therapy. Carbidopa’s role is to help optimize the effectiveness of levodopa and reduce side effects, but it does not specifically prevent dyskinesia.
B. The combination of levodopa and carbidopa does not prevent drug tolerance. Drug tolerance refers to the reduced effect of a drug over time, and while the combination may help with optimal absorption and effectiveness, it doesn't directly address tolerance.
C. While carbidopa helps reduce some side effects (such as nausea and vomiting) by preventing the peripheral breakdown of levodopa, the primary purpose of combining the two drugs is not solely to prevent side effects but to improve levodopa's effectiveness and absorption in the brain.
D. Carbidopa inhibits the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in the peripheral tissues, preventing the premature breakdown (metabolism) of levodopa into dopamine before it reaches the brain. This allows more levodopa to enter the brain and be converted into dopamine, enhancing the therapeutic effect for Parkinson's disease.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. A 75-year-old female client who has diabetes mellitus type 1: While older age and gender (female) may slightly increase the risk of thyroid cancer, diabetes mellitus type 1 is not a known significant risk factor for thyroid cancer.
B. A 68-year-old male client who has testicular cancer: Testicular cancer itself is not strongly associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. While cancer survivors may face a higher risk for secondary cancers, testicular cancer is not typically linked to thyroid cancer.
C. A 48-year-old male client with a history of hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism does not increase the risk for thyroid cancer. In fact, hyperthyroidism is more commonly associated with conditions like Graves' disease and toxic goiter, not thyroid cancer.
D. A 40-year-old female client who received radiation treatment for breast cancer 8 years ago: Previous radiation treatment, particularly at a young age, is a well-established risk factor for developing thyroid cancer. Radiation exposure can damage the DNA in thyroid cells, leading to an increased risk of cancer later in life.

A. "A treadmill was given to me so I can run a few days a week." B. "The physical therapist taught me some stretching exercises." C. "I will start swimming at the health club." D. "I enjoy gardening. You should see my beautiful roses."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Running on a treadmill may not be the safest or most beneficial exercise for someone with Parkinson's disease. People with Parkinson's disease often experience motor symptoms like rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and balance issues, which can make running difficult and increase the risk of falls. Low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, or cycling are generally recommended to maintain mobility and safety.
B. This is appropriate. Stretching exercises are important for maintaining flexibility and preventing muscle stiffness in Parkinson's disease. Physical therapy can help guide the client in exercises that are safe and beneficial.
C. This is a good choice. Swimming provides a low-impact, full-body workout that can help improve strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness, which is beneficial for individuals with Parkinson's disease.
D. Gardening is an appropriate and enjoyable activity for someone with Parkinson's disease. It encourages movement and is a great way to engage in physical activity while also promoting emotional well-being.

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The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands the client is on both levodopa and carbidopa for which of the following reasons?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is screening clients for an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Which of the following client's would have the highest risk?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse has taught a client newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease ways to maintain mobility. Which of the following statements by the client would indicate the need for further teaching.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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