The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands the client is on both levodopa and carbidopa for which of the following reasons?

The use of carbidopa prevents dyskinesia.

Using both drugs prevents drug tolerance.

The combination of both medications is necessary to prevent side effects.

The carbidopa prevents the premature metabolism of levodopa.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Carbidopa does not directly prevent dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is often a side effect of long-term levodopa therapy. Carbidopa’s role is to help optimize the effectiveness of levodopa and reduce side effects, but it does not specifically prevent dyskinesia.
B. The combination of levodopa and carbidopa does not prevent drug tolerance. Drug tolerance refers to the reduced effect of a drug over time, and while the combination may help with optimal absorption and effectiveness, it doesn't directly address tolerance.
C. While carbidopa helps reduce some side effects (such as nausea and vomiting) by preventing the peripheral breakdown of levodopa, the primary purpose of combining the two drugs is not solely to prevent side effects but to improve levodopa's effectiveness and absorption in the brain.
D. Carbidopa inhibits the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in the peripheral tissues, preventing the premature breakdown (metabolism) of levodopa into dopamine before it reaches the brain. This allows more levodopa to enter the brain and be converted into dopamine, enhancing the therapeutic effect for Parkinson's disease.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Clients with advanced Parkinson’s disease often have difficulty with swallowing, fine motor control, and coordination, which can make eating challenging. Assisting with meals helps ensure the client receives adequate nutrition.
B. Swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) are common in advanced Parkinson's disease, increasing the risk for aspiration. The nurse should monitor for signs of aspiration and take precautions (e.g., providing thickened liquids, upright positioning) to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
C. While it’s important to monitor weight in Parkinson’s disease, monthly monitoring may not be frequent enough. Weight should be assessed more regularly (e.g., weekly) because individuals with advanced Parkinson's disease may have difficulty eating enough, leading to weight loss.
D. If the client is having difficulty eating enough during regular meals due to swallowing difficulties or fatigue, supplemental feedings (e.g., via tube feeding or liquid supplements) may be necessary to maintain nutrition and prevent weight loss.
E. A dietary consult can help provide guidance on modifying the diet to address swallowing difficulties, ensure adequate caloric intake, and prevent complications such as malnutrition or aspiration.

Correct Answer is ["872"]

Explanation

1 ounce (oz) ≈ 29.5735 milliliters (mL)
1 tablespoon (tbsp) ≈ 14.7868 milliliters (mL)

Now, let's convert each item:

8 ounces of milk = 8 oz * 29.5735 mL/oz = 236.588 mL
8 ounces of water = 8 oz * 29.5735 mL/oz = 236.588 mL
12 ounces of carbonated beverage = 12 oz * 29.5735 mL/oz = 354.882 mL
3 tablespoons of medication = 3 tbsp * 14.7868 mL/tbsp = 44.3604 mL

Finally, let's add up all the volumes to find the total fluid intake:

Total fluid intake = 236.588 mL + 236.588 mL + 354.882 mL + 44.3604 mL = 872.3984 mL

Rounded off to the nearest whole number = 872mL

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The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands the client is on both levodopa and carbidopa for which of the following reasons?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is planning care for an older adult client with advanced Parkinson's disease. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the client's plan of care? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

Correct Answer is ["872"]

Explanation

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