The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands the client is on both levodopa and carbidopa for which of the following reasons?

A. Carbidopa does not directly prevent dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is often a side effect of long-term levodopa therapy. Carbidopa’s role is to help optimize the effectiveness of levodopa and reduce side effects, but it does not specifically prevent dyskinesia.
B. The combination of levodopa and carbidopa does not prevent drug tolerance. Drug tolerance refers to the reduced effect of a drug over time, and while the combination may help with optimal absorption and effectiveness, it doesn't directly address tolerance.
C. While carbidopa helps reduce some side effects (such as nausea and vomiting) by preventing the peripheral breakdown of levodopa, the primary purpose of combining the two drugs is not solely to prevent side effects but to improve levodopa's effectiveness and absorption in the brain.
D. Carbidopa inhibits the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in the peripheral tissues, preventing the premature breakdown (metabolism) of levodopa into dopamine before it reaches the brain. This allows more levodopa to enter the brain and be converted into dopamine, enhancing the therapeutic effect for Parkinson's disease.

A. Alcohol withdrawal is a known risk factor for seizures. It can lead to withdrawal seizures, especially if the client has been drinking heavily and abruptly stops or reduces alcohol consumption.
B. A genetic predisposition can increase the risk of seizures. Certain genetic conditions, such as epilepsy, can increase the likelihood of experiencing seizures.
C. Tension headaches are not typically considered a risk factor for seizures. While headache disorders like migraines can sometimes be associated with seizures, tension headaches are generally not linked to an increased risk of seizure activity.
D. Prolonged hypoxemia (low oxygen levels) can lead to brain injury and is a well-established risk factor for seizures. When the brain does not receive enough oxygen, it can trigger seizure activity.
E. Older adults are at a higher risk for seizures, often due to conditions such as stroke, brain tumors, or age-related changes in the brain that can affect electrical activity.