The nurse is discussing the importance of developing a healthy self-concept with the parents of a client. What stage of life is most critical for this development?

Choice A reason: This is a correct answer. Second-hand smoke is the smoke that is exhaled by a smoker or emitted by a burning cigarette, cigar, or pipe. It contains many harmful chemicals that can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Second-hand smoke can increase the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, congenital anomalies, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) .

Choice B reason: This is a correct answer. Drugs including alcohol are substances that can alter the mood, perception, or behavior of the user. They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Drugs including alcohol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), growth restriction, brain damage, and birth defects .

Choice C reason: This is a correct answer. Infections are diseases that are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Infections can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, congenital infections, and congenital anomalies .

Choice D reason: This is a correct answer. Metabolic conditions are disorders that affect the body's ability to produce or use energy, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or phenylketonuria (PKU). They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Metabolic conditions can cause macrosomia, hypoglycemia, congenital hypothyroidism, or intellectual disability .

Choice E reason: This is not a correct answer. Processed foods are foods that have been altered from their natural state, such as canned, frozen, or packaged foods. They may contain additives, preservatives, or artificial flavors or colors. They do not cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus directly, but they may affect the mother's nutrition and health. Processed foods may increase the risk of obesity, hypertension, or gestational diabetes, which can indirectly affect the fetal development .

Choice A reason: This is a correct answer. Slower reaction time is a common finding on the older adult, as the nervous system becomes less efficient and responsive with age. The older adult may have difficulty processing information, responding to stimuli, or performing complex tasks. The nurse should assess the older adult's cognitive and sensory function, and provide them with safety and assistance as needed.

Choice B reason: This is a correct answer. Decreased intestinal motility is a common finding on the older adult, as the digestive system becomes slower and weaker with age. The older adult may have problems with constipation, indigestion, or malabsorption. The nurse should assess the older adult's bowel habits, dietary intake, and nutritional status, and provide them with education and intervention as needed.

Choice C reason: This is a correct answer. Increased risk for respiratory infections is a common finding on the older adult, as the immune system becomes less effective and protective with age. The older adult may have more susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, or fungi that can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, or tuberculosis. The nurse should assess the older adult's respiratory function, symptoms, and history, and provide them with prevention and treatment as needed.

Choice D reason: This is not a correct answer. Increased bladder capacity is not a common finding on the older adult, as the urinary system becomes smaller and less elastic with age. The older adult may have problems with urinary incontinence, retention, or infection. The nurse should assess the older adult's urinary habits, output, and quality, and provide them with education and intervention as needed.

Choice E reason: This is a correct answer. Decalcification of bones is a common finding on the older adult, as the skeletal system becomes less dense and strong with age. The older adult may have problems with osteoporosis, fractures, or arthritis. The nurse should assess the older adult's bone health, mobility, and pain, and provide them with education and intervention as needed.