The nurse prepares to change a patient's medication from an intravenous to an oral form and notes that the oral form is ordered in a higher dose. The nurse understands that this is due to differences in

Bioavailability

Pinocytosis

Tachyphylaxis

Protein binding

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

a) Bioavailability refers to the proportion of the drug that reaches systemic circulation when administered by a particular route. The oral route typically has lower bioavailability than the intravenous route due to the first-pass metabolism in the liver. Therefore, when switching from an IV form to an oral form, the dose often needs to be higher to achieve the same therapeutic effect.

b) Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells absorb fluids and small molecules. While important in drug absorption, it is not the reason why oral doses are higher than IV doses.

c) Tachyphylaxis is a rapid tolerance to a drug after its administration, often requiring higher doses over time, but it does not directly explain the need for a higher oral dose.

d) Protein binding refers to how drugs bind to proteins in the blood, which can affect their distribution. However, this is not the main reason why oral doses are higher than IV doses.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

a) The safest action is to consult the pharmacist to determine if the chewable tablet can be crushed without affecting its efficacy or safety. Some chewable tablets must be chewed for proper absorption, while others may be safely crushed.

b) Crushing the tablet without verifying its safety could alter the drug's effectiveness or cause adverse effects, so it should not be done without confirmation.

c) Insisting that the tablet be chewed disregards the child’s potential difficulty with chewing, which may lead to refusal or improper administration.

d) Requesting a liquid form could be an alternative, but it is not the immediate next step. Some medications may not be available in liquid form, so checking with the pharmacist first is the appropriate action.

A. Phase I B. Phase II C. Phase III D. Phase IV

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

a) Phase I studies focus on assessing the safety, dosing, and side effects of a drug in healthy volunteers, not its clinical effectiveness or potential new uses.

b) Phase II studies evaluate the drug's effectiveness and safety in a small group of patients with the targeted condition but do not focus on potential new uses.

c) Phase III studies are large-scale trials conducted to confirm the drug's effectiveness and safety before approval but do not typically involve studying new uses of the drug.

d) Phase IV studies occur after a drug has been approved and marketed. These studies, often called post-marketing surveillance, evaluate the drug's effectiveness and safety in the general population and investigate new potential uses or long-term effects.

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The nurse prepares to change a patient's medication from an intravenous to an oral form and notes that the oral form is ordered in a higher dose. The nurse understands that this is due to differences in

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is preparing to administer a chewable tablet to a preschool-age child. The child's parent reports always crushing the tablet and mixing it with pudding when giving it at home. What is the nurse's next action?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Before marketing a new drug that has been approved for use based on clinical effectiveness and safety, the manufacturer wishes to study the potential new uses for the drug. This is an example of which phase of study?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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