The presence of epithelial cells in urinary casts indicates which of the following pathophysiologic conditions?
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Urinary tract infection
Pyelonephritis
The Correct Answer is A
A. The presence of epithelial cells in urinary casts is indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN), a condition where the tubular cells in the kidneys are damaged, often due to ischemia or nephrotoxic substances. These damaged cells shed into the urine, forming casts.
B. Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli and typically leads to hematuria and proteinuria, but it is not specifically associated with epithelial cells in casts.
C. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) usually cause bacteriuria, pyuria, and sometimes hematuria, but not epithelial cell casts.
D. Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys that can cause white blood cell casts and bacteria in the urine, but it is not typically associated with epithelial cell casts.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. A superficial partial thickness burn affects only the outermost layer of skin (epidermis) and causes redness and pain, but it doesn't usually cause blisters.
B. A full-thickness burn involves the destruction of all layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes underlying tissue. This type of burn typically causes a white or charred appearance and may not be painful due to nerve damage.
C. Dermal thickness burn is not a standard classification of burn depth. Burns are typically classified into superficial, partial-thickness, and full-thickness categories.
D. A deep partial-thickness burn involves damage to both the epidermis and dermis, causing redness, swelling, and blistering. This is the most likely classification for a sunburn with redness and blistering.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar-nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) is more commonly associated with type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by very high blood sugar levels and dehydration, but without significant ketone production. It typically occurs in older adults with type 2 diabetes who experience severe dehydration and illness.
B. Hypoglycemia is more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes due to the frequent need for insulin therapy, which can cause low blood sugar levels. In type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemia is less common unless the patient is on insulin or certain oral medications.
C. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is primarily a complication of type 1 diabetes. It occurs when there is a severe insulin deficiency, leading to the breakdown of fat for energy and the production of ketones. While DKA can occur in type 2 diabetes, it is far more common in type 1.
D. The Somogyi effect refers to rebound hyperglycemia following an episode of hypoglycemia, typically occurring overnight. It is more commonly seen in type 1 diabetes, especially when insulin doses are too high, causing low blood sugar at night followed by a rebound increase in blood sugar.
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