What is the major problem at the cellular level in cystic fibrosis?

A. Progeria, also known as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), is characterized by accelerated aging. One of the biochemical changes observed in this condition is an increase in hyaluronic acid levels, which is associated with skin changes and the premature aging process seen in affected individuals.

B. Low levels of glutamate are not characteristic of progeria. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter, and its levels are not typically altered in progeria.

C. High levels of thyroxine are not associated with progeria. Thyroxine levels are related to thyroid function, and there is no direct link between high thyroxine levels and progeria.

D. Low levels of calcitonin are not characteristic of progeria. Calcitonin is a hormone involved in calcium regulation, and its levels are not notably altered in progeria.

A. Pain at the site of injury, such as a paper cut, is often due to the release of chemical mediators like prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamines, which are part of the inflammatory response. These mediators increase blood flow and sensitivity in the affected area, contributing to pain. Exudate (fluid containing white blood cells and proteins) also forms at the site to aid in healing, and this can increase sensitivity.

B. Increased perfusion (blood flow) is part of the inflammatory response, but it is not the direct cause of pain. While increased blood flow helps deliver nutrients and immune cells to the site, it is the chemical mediators that cause pain.

C. Bacteria entering the wound could cause infection, but pain from a paper cut is typically related to the inflammatory response rather than infection. If infection were present, pain would usually be accompanied by other signs like redness, heat, and pus.

D. Vasoconstriction is the opposite of what happens at the site of an injury. Inflammation causes vasodilation, not vasoconstriction, to increase blood flow to the area.