Typical changes in total body water in older people include:

A. Drinking 400 ml every hour is not a typical recommendation for bowel preparation with PEG. The client is usually instructed to drink a specific volume, but it is typically more than 400 ml at once and spread over a specific time frame, often 1-2 liters over several hours.

B. Abdominal bloating is a common side effect of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solutions. The solution works by drawing water into the intestines to induce bowel movements, and this can lead to temporary bloating or discomfort.

C. While it is important to stay hydrated during the bowel prep, the recommendation to drink an additional liter of fluid is not typically included in the instructions. The PEG solution itself is designed to maintain fluid balance, and additional water may be advised, but this is not the standard guideline.

D. Bowel movements typically begin shortly after starting the PEG solution, often within 1-2 hours, rather than waiting 3 hours. The exact timing can vary, but 3 hours is longer than usual for the first bowel movement to occur.

A. Cystine stones are rare and occur due to a genetic disorder called cystinuria. They are not the most common type of renal calculi.

B. Uric acid stones are also relatively common, especially in individuals with gout or those with high levels of uric acid in the urine. However, calcium oxalate is more common.

C. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of renal calculi, accounting for about 70-80% of kidney stones. These stones form when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine.

D. Struvite stones are associated with urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing bacteria. They are less common than calcium oxalate stones.