Typical changes in total body water in older people include:

A. Dyspnea is the term used to describe the sensation of shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. It is the most appropriate term to document when a client reports feeling unable to get enough air.

B. Aspiration refers to the inhalation of food, liquid, or foreign material into the airway, which may lead to choking or aspiration pneumonia, not a sensation of shortness of breath.

C. Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood, which is not described in the client's report.

D. Orthopnea is shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat and is typically seen in conditions like heart failure. The client’s description does not specify that the symptoms occur while lying down.

A. Immunodeficiency does not directly cause endocrine disorders, although some immune system issues can affect endocrine function, such as in autoimmune diseases.

B. Adenomas (benign tumors) are the most common cause of endocrine disorders, as they can overproduce hormones or disrupt normal gland function, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism or Cushing's disease.

C. Surgical removal of endocrine glands may cause endocrine disorders, but it is a result of treatment rather than a common cause.

D. Infection can lead to endocrine disorders, particularly in cases of infectious diseases affecting specific glands (e.g., thyroiditis), but it is not the most common cause overall.