What example demonstrates cephalocaudal growth?

Choice A reason: This is a correct answer. Second-hand smoke is the smoke that is exhaled by a smoker or emitted by a burning cigarette, cigar, or pipe. It contains many harmful chemicals that can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Second-hand smoke can increase the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, congenital anomalies, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) .

Choice B reason: This is a correct answer. Drugs including alcohol are substances that can alter the mood, perception, or behavior of the user. They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Drugs including alcohol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), growth restriction, brain damage, and birth defects .

Choice C reason: This is a correct answer. Infections are diseases that are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Infections can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, congenital infections, and congenital anomalies .

Choice D reason: This is a correct answer. Metabolic conditions are disorders that affect the body's ability to produce or use energy, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or phenylketonuria (PKU). They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Metabolic conditions can cause macrosomia, hypoglycemia, congenital hypothyroidism, or intellectual disability .

Choice E reason: This is not a correct answer. Processed foods are foods that have been altered from their natural state, such as canned, frozen, or packaged foods. They may contain additives, preservatives, or artificial flavors or colors. They do not cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus directly, but they may affect the mother's nutrition and health. Processed foods may increase the risk of obesity, hypertension, or gestational diabetes, which can indirectly affect the fetal development .

Choice A reason: This is not a useful intervention for improving the self-concept of an older adult. Allowing the clothing to remain soiled after spilling may make the older adult feel dirty, embarrassed, or neglected. It may also increase the risk of infection or skin irritation. The nurse should help the older adult to change into clean clothing as soon as possible, and respect their dignity and comfort.

Choice B reason: This is not a useful intervention for improving the self-concept of an older adult. Encouraging them to wear clothes that are bigger so it is easier to put on may make the older adult feel unattractive, insecure, or incompetent. It may also affect their mobility and safety, as the clothes may be too loose or long. The nurse should help the older adult to wear clothes that fit well and suit their preferences and abilities.

Choice C reason: This is not a useful intervention for improving the self-concept of an older adult. Keeping their pajamas on when going to the dining room for breakfast, since they will have a nap when they return to their room, may make the older adult feel lazy, depressed, or isolated. It may also affect their appetite and socialization, as the pajamas may indicate a lack of interest or readiness. The nurse should help the older adult to dress appropriately for the time and place, and encourage them to participate in activities and interactions.

Choice D reason: This is the best answer. Helping them fix their hair and wear properly fitting, clean clothing is a useful intervention for improving the self-concept of an older adult. It may make the older adult feel attractive, confident, and respected. It may also enhance their physical and mental health, as the hair and clothing may reflect their hygiene and mood. The nurse should help the older adult to maintain their personal appearance and style, and support their self-esteem and self-image.