What is a pathological angiogenesis?

Choice A reason: Redness and heat are local inflammatory signs, occurring at the injury site due to vasodilation. Systemic manifestations, like fever and leukocytosis, affect the whole body, reflecting immune activation, so this is incorrect for systemic inflammation.

Choice B reason: Fever and leukocytosis are systemic manifestations of inflammation, involving the entire body. Fever results from cytokine release, and leukocytosis indicates increased white blood cells, both reflecting widespread immune response, making this the correct choice for systemic effects.

Choice C reason: Pain and edema are primarily local inflammatory responses, occurring at the site of injury or infection. Systemic effects, like fever and leukocytosis, involve broader physiological changes, so this is incorrect for systemic inflammation manifestations.

Choice D reason: Formation of exudates is a local inflammatory response, involving fluid leakage at the injury site. Systemic manifestations, such as fever and leukocytosis, affect the whole body, so this is incorrect for the systemic category of inflammation.

Choice A reason: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis, causing symptoms like dizziness, paresthesia, or tetany due to decreased carbon dioxide levels. It does not cause renal colic, which involves severe, spasmodic flank pain typically from ureteral obstruction. This makes hyperventilation an incorrect cause for the patient’s acute pain presentation.

Choice B reason: Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, is the most likely cause of renal colic in a young male. Stones obstruct the ureter, triggering severe, intermittent flank pain radiating to the groin, often with hematuria or nausea. This matches the described acute pain, making nephrolithiasis the correct diagnosis for the patient’s symptoms.

Choice C reason: Urinary tract infections may cause dysuria, frequency, or suprapubic discomfort but rarely produce the severe, colicky flank pain characteristic of renal colic. While infections can coexist with stones, the primary presentation of acute, severe pain points to nephrolithiasis, making this a less likely primary cause.

Choice D reason: Trauma can cause renal pain or hematuria but typically presents with a history of injury and signs like bruising or hemodynamic instability. Renal colic’s hallmark is spontaneous, severe pain without trauma history, making trauma an unlikely cause for this patient’s acute presentation.