The characteristic vascular changes at the site of an injury produce: (Select all that apply)
Increased permeability and leakage
Blood vessel constriction after dilation
Pallor and swelling
None of the above
Tightening of the capillary endothelial cell junctions
Correct Answer : A,B,C
Choice A reason: Increased permeability and leakage occur at an injury site due to histamine and cytokine release, causing endothelial gaps. This allows plasma and immune cells to enter tissues, promoting inflammation and edema, making this a correct vascular change.
Choice B reason: Blood vessels initially constrict to limit bleeding, then dilate to increase blood flow, delivering immune cells and nutrients. This biphasic response (constriction followed by dilation) is a hallmark of acute injury, making this a correct vascular change.
Choice C reason: Pallor occurs from initial vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow, followed by swelling from increased permeability and fluid leakage. These are typical injury responses, reflecting vascular and tissue changes, making this a correct observation.
Choice D reason: “None of the above” is incorrect, as increased permeability, biphasic vessel response, and pallor with swelling are well-documented vascular changes at injury sites. These align with the inflammatory process, making this an invalid choice.
Choice E reason: Tightening of capillary endothelial junctions does not occur during acute injury. Junctions loosen due to inflammatory mediators, increasing permeability, not tightening, which would limit leakage, making this an incorrect vascular change.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Infarction is permanent tissue death from prolonged blood loss, not temporary deprivation. Ischemia describes reversible reduced blood supply, matching the question, so this is incorrect.
Choice B reason: Ischemia is the temporary deprivation of blood supply to cells, causing reduced oxygen delivery but potentially reversible damage. This fits the description, making it the correct term.
Choice C reason: Necrosis is irreversible cell death, not temporary blood supply loss. Ischemia is the term for reversible deprivation, so this is incorrect for the described condition.
Choice D reason: Inflammation is a response to injury, not blood supply deprivation. Ischemia specifically refers to temporary reduced blood flow, so this is incorrect for the term.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Active lifestyle and community engagement are protective, not risk factors, for hip fractures. Small frame and age-related bone loss increase fracture risk, so this misidentifies beneficial factors as risks and is incorrect.
Choice B reason: Active lifestyle and social engagement may reduce risk, but the question asks for risk factors. Small frame and age-related bone loss are primary risks for Ms. Major’s fracture, so this is incorrect.
Choice C reason: Healthy diet and social support are protective, not risk factors. Ms. Major’s small frame and age (60) increase bone density loss, elevating fracture risk, so this is incorrect.
Choice D reason: Small frame and age-related bone density loss (at 60) increase Ms. Major’s hip fracture risk, as lower bone mass and aging weaken bones. These are key risk factors, making this correct.
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