What is the best description of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?
Bone resorption exceeds bone formation, leading to fragile bones.
An abnormal immune response resulting in synovitis and cartilage deterioration.
Articular cartilage is damaged through erosion resulting from excessive mechanical stress.
A bone infection that is typically caused by bacteria.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: Osteoporosis results from an imbalance where osteoclast-mediated bone resorption outpaces osteoblast-mediated bone formation, reducing bone density and strength. This leads to fragile, porous bones prone to fractures, especially in the elderly, due to hormonal changes or reduced calcium absorption, making this the correct description.
Choice B reason: An abnormal immune response causing synovitis and cartilage deterioration describes rheumatoid arthritis, not osteoporosis. Rheumatoid arthritis involves autoimmune inflammation of joints, not bone density loss. Osteoporosis primarily affects bone matrix, not cartilage or synovial tissues, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: Cartilage erosion from mechanical stress describes osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease, not osteoporosis. Osteoporosis affects bone density, not articular cartilage. Mechanical stress may exacerbate joint issues but does not cause the systemic bone loss characteristic of osteoporosis, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: A bacterial bone infection describes osteomyelitis, not osteoporosis. Osteomyelitis involves localized bone inflammation and destruction due to pathogens, not a systemic imbalance of bone remodeling. Osteoporosis is a metabolic condition, not an infectious one, making this choice incorrect for the described pathophysiology.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Coronary artery vasospasm causes transient vessel constriction, reducing blood flow to the myocardium, leading to ischemia and potentially infarction. This is a recognized cause, particularly in variant angina, making this a correct mechanism for myocardial infarction.
Choice B reason: A thrombus forming in a coronary artery, often due to plaque rupture, obstructs blood flow, causing myocardial ischemia and infarction. This is the most common cause of myocardial infarction, making this a correct mechanism.
Choice C reason: Chest wall bruising from trauma does not directly cause myocardial infarction, which requires coronary artery occlusion. Trauma may cause cardiac contusion but not infarction, making this choice incorrect for myocardial infarction development.
Choice D reason: An embolus, such as from a clot elsewhere, can block a coronary artery, stopping blood flow to the myocardium, causing infarction. Though less common than thrombosis, it is a valid mechanism, making this a correct choice.
Choice E reason: Systemic infection with hyperthermia does not directly cause myocardial infarction. It may increase cardiac demand, potentially exacerbating ischemia, but infarction requires coronary occlusion, not just fever, making this choice incorrect.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia due to low parathyroid hormone, reducing calcium levels. Low calcium leads to neuromuscular excitability, causing muscle cramps and tetany, a hallmark symptom, making this the correct manifestation of hypoparathyroidism.
Choice B reason: Increased urination is associated with diabetes or hypercalcemia, not hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia, which does not directly affect urine output, making this choice incorrect for the condition’s manifestations.
Choice C reason: Weight gain is not a direct manifestation of hypoparathyroidism. Hypocalcemia affects neuromuscular function, not metabolism or weight. Hypothyroidism may cause weight gain, but hypoparathyroidism does not, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Hypertension is not typical of hypoparathyroidism, which causes hypocalcemia and neuromuscular symptoms. Hyperparathyroidism or other conditions may cause hypertension via hypercalcemia, but hypoparathyroidism does not, making this choice incorrect.
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