Which manifestations are associated with fluid excess? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Osteoporosis results from an imbalance where osteoclast-mediated bone resorption outpaces osteoblast-mediated bone formation, reducing bone density and strength. This leads to fragile, porous bones prone to fractures, especially in the elderly, due to hormonal changes or reduced calcium absorption, making this the correct description.

Choice B reason: An abnormal immune response causing synovitis and cartilage deterioration describes rheumatoid arthritis, not osteoporosis. Rheumatoid arthritis involves autoimmune inflammation of joints, not bone density loss. Osteoporosis primarily affects bone matrix, not cartilage or synovial tissues, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Cartilage erosion from mechanical stress describes osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease, not osteoporosis. Osteoporosis affects bone density, not articular cartilage. Mechanical stress may exacerbate joint issues but does not cause the systemic bone loss characteristic of osteoporosis, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: A bacterial bone infection describes osteomyelitis, not osteoporosis. Osteomyelitis involves localized bone inflammation and destruction due to pathogens, not a systemic imbalance of bone remodeling. Osteoporosis is a metabolic condition, not an infectious one, making this choice incorrect for the described pathophysiology.

Choice A reason: Hyperglycemia causes polyuria as high blood glucose exceeds renal reabsorption capacity, leading to osmotic diuresis. Excess glucose in urine draws water, increasing urine output, a classic diabetes symptom, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice B reason: Polyphagia, or increased hunger, occurs in hyperglycemia as cells cannot utilize glucose due to insulin deficiency or resistance, signaling energy deficit. The body craves food to compensate, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice C reason: Excessive thirst (polydipsia) results from hyperglycemia-induced polyuria, causing dehydration. The body signals thirst to replenish fluid loss from osmotic diuresis, a hallmark of diabetes, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice D reason: Photophobia, sensitivity to light, is not associated with hyperglycemia. It occurs in conditions like meningitis or migraines, not metabolic disturbances like diabetes, making this choice incorrect for hyperglycemia manifestations.

Choice E reason: Dysphagia, difficulty swallowing, is unrelated to hyperglycemia. It may occur in neurological or esophageal disorders, not as a direct result of high blood glucose, making this choice incorrect for hyperglycemia.