What manifestation(s) are expected when a person has a pulmonary embolus? (Select all that apply)
Red warm skin
Dizziness
Bradycardia
Hypoxia
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Correct Answer : B,D,E,F
Choice A reason: Red warm skin is not typical of pulmonary embolism. It may occur in infections or inflammation. Pulmonary embolism causes reduced lung perfusion, leading to hypoxia and systemic symptoms, not localized skin changes, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Dizziness occurs in pulmonary embolism due to reduced oxygen delivery to the brain from blocked pulmonary arteries, causing hypoxia. Decreased cardiac output from right heart strain also contributes, making this a correct manifestation of pulmonary embolism.
Choice C reason: Bradycardia is not typical; pulmonary embolism usually causes tachycardia as the heart compensates for hypoxia and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Slow heart rate does not align with the body’s response to acute obstruction, making this incorrect.
Choice D reason: Hypoxia is a hallmark of pulmonary embolism, as blocked pulmonary arteries impair gas exchange, reducing oxygen in the blood. This leads to tissue oxygen deficiency, causing symptoms like shortness of breath, making this a correct manifestation.
Choice E reason: Chest pain in pulmonary embolism results from pleural irritation or ischemia due to blocked pulmonary arteries. The pain is often sharp and worsens with breathing, reflecting lung tissue stress, making this a correct manifestation.
Choice F reason: Tachypnea, or rapid breathing, occurs as the body attempts to compensate for hypoxia in pulmonary embolism. The respiratory system increases rate to improve oxygenation, a common response to impaired gas exchange, making this correct.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Increased skin pigmentation is associated with Addison’s disease due to elevated ACTH stimulating melanocytes. Cushing syndrome, caused by excess cortisol, typically causes skin thinning and bruising, not hyperpigmentation. The excess cortisol does not directly affect melanin production, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Cushing syndrome leads to weight gain, not weight loss, due to cortisol’s promotion of fat deposition in central areas (e.g., abdomen, face). Increased appetite and altered metabolism contribute to obesity, not weight loss, making this choice incorrect as it contradicts the metabolic effects of hypercortisolism.
Choice C reason: Cushing syndrome often causes hypertension, not decreased blood pressure, due to cortisol’s mineralocorticoid effects, increasing sodium retention and vascular resistance. Decreased blood pressure is more associated with adrenal insufficiency, making this choice incorrect as it does not align with Cushing syndrome’s pathophysiology.
Choice D reason: Cushing syndrome, characterized by excess cortisol, suppresses the immune system by inhibiting inflammatory responses and reducing lymphocyte activity. This increases susceptibility to infections and impairs wound healing, making decreased immune response a hallmark complication, which is why this choice is correct.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Genetic mutations causing insulin resistance describe type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency, not resistance, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Excessive carbohydrate intake does not cause type 1 diabetes, which is autoimmune. It may exacerbate hyperglycemia in diabetes but is not the primary cause, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: Pancreatic damage from alcohol can cause pancreatitis, not type 1 diabetes. Type 1 is autoimmune, destroying insulin-producing beta cells, unrelated to alcohol-induced damage, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Autoantibodies target beta cells, causing hyperglycemia, making this the correct pathophysiological cause.
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