What manifestation is an indication of increased intracranial pressure?

Choice A reason: Prolonged nasogastric suctioning removes gastric acid (HCl), reducing hydrogen ions in the blood, leading to metabolic alkalosis. This is reflected by elevated pH (7.50) and increased HCO3 (28 mEq/L), with normal PaCO2 as the lungs have not yet compensated. This matches the expected acid-base imbalance, making it correct.

Choice B reason: This result shows a slightly acidic pH (7.34) with normal PaCO2 and low HCO3, suggesting metabolic acidosis. Nasogastric suctioning causes loss of acid, not base, so it does not lead to acidosis. This imbalance is inconsistent with the alkalosis expected from gastric acid loss, making it incorrect.

Choice C reason: This result indicates a low pH (7.32) and elevated PaCO2, suggesting respiratory acidosis with partial compensation (normal HCO3). Nasogastric suctioning affects gastric acid, causing metabolic, not respiratory, alkalosis. The respiratory parameters here do not align with the condition’s pathophysiology, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: This result shows an elevated pH (7.46) and low PaCO2, indicating respiratory alkalosis, likely from hyperventilation, with normal HCO3. Nasogastric suctioning causes metabolic alkalosis due to acid loss, not respiratory changes. The low PaCO2 does not fit the expected metabolic profile, making this choice incorrect.

A. Primary immunodeficiency involves a developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus, impairing immune system development. This aligns with the question, as primary immunodeficiencies, such as severe combined immunodeficiency or DiGeorge syndrome, result from genetic defects affecting lymphocyte development, crucial for meeting physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.

B. Secondary immunodeficiency results from external factors like infections or malnutrition, not developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus. This does not fit the question, as it lacks a congenital basis.

C. Autoimmune disorders arise from immune system dysfunction attacking self-tissues, not developmental failure in immune organs. This is unrelated to the question’s focus on developmental defects.

D. Infections are a consequence of primary immunodeficiency due to impaired T-cell or B-cell function, increasing susceptibility to recurrent bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. This fits the question, as immunodeficiency predisposes individuals to infections.

E. Allergies result from immune overreactions to harmless substances, not a direct consequence of developmental immune defects. This does not align with the question’s focus on immunodeficiency outcomes.

F. Autoimmune diseases involve immune attacks on self-tissues, not a primary outcome of developmental immune failure. This is incorrect for the question’s context.

G. Malignancies are a known complication of primary immunodeficiencies, as impaired immune surveillance increases cancer risk, particularly lymphomas or leukemias. This aligns with the question’s focus on outcomes of immunodeficiency.

H. Chronic pain is not a direct result of immunodeficiency or developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus. This does not fit the question’s scope.

I. Recurrent infections are a hallmark of primary immunodeficiency, as defective immune components fail to protect against pathogens. This aligns with the question, as it directly results from immune system developmental failure.