What manifestation is expected in a person with Addison's disease?

Choice A reason: Smoking introduces carcinogens like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, damaging DNA and promoting mutations in lung, throat, and other tissues. Chronic exposure increases cancer risk, particularly lung cancer, by disrupting cellular repair mechanisms, making this a correct risk factor.

Choice B reason: Obesity increases cancer risk through chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances, like elevated estrogen, linked to breast and endometrial cancers. However, it is not listed in the provided options, so it cannot be selected, though it is scientifically relevant.

Choice C reason: Tanning without sunscreen exposes skin to UV radiation, causing DNA damage in melanocytes and increasing melanoma risk. UV-induced mutations disrupt cell cycle regulation, promoting uncontrolled cell growth, making this a correct cancer risk factor.

Choice D reason: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancers like cervical and oropharyngeal by integrating viral DNA into host cells, disrupting tumor suppressor genes. Chronic infection leads to cellular transformation, making this a correct risk factor for specific cancers.

Choice E reason: Family history of cancer indicates genetic predispositions, such as BRCA mutations, increasing risks for breast, ovarian, or other cancers. Inherited mutations impair DNA repair or cell cycle control, making this a correct risk factor for cancer development.

Choice A reason: Spinal cord injury causes immobility, leading to joint contractures as muscles shorten without movement. Lack of joint motion causes fibrosis, reducing flexibility, making this a correct complication of spinal cord injury.

Choice B reason: Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis) occur in spinal cord injury due to immobility, causing venous stasis. This promotes clot formation, increasing embolism risk, making this a correct complication of spinal cord injury.

Choice C reason: Autonomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening complication in spinal cord injury, particularly above T6, due to unopposed sympathetic responses to stimuli, causing hypertension, making this a correct complication.

Choice D reason: Polyuria is not typical; spinal cord injury often causes urinary retention due to impaired bladder innervation. Neurogenic bladder leads to incomplete emptying, not excessive urine, making this incorrect.

Choice E reason: Osteoarthritis is not directly caused by spinal cord injury. It results from joint wear, not neurological impairment. Immobility may cause other joint issues, but not osteoarthritis, making this incorrect.

Choice F reason: Constipation is common in spinal cord injury due to impaired autonomic control of bowel motility. Reduced peristalsis and immobility slow transit, making this a correct complication of spinal cord injury.