What person is at the highest risk for developing pneumonia?
A 21-year-old person with facial trauma after a bicycle accident
A 72-year-old person with osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain
A 48-year-old person with a history of elevated cholesterol levels
A 69-year-old person with a primary immunodeficiency disorder
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Facial trauma may increase aspiration risk if swallowing is impaired, but a 21-year-old typically has a robust immune system, reducing pneumonia risk. The trauma does not directly compromise lung defenses or immune function significantly, making this individual less likely to develop pneumonia compared to an immunocompromised person.
Choice B reason: Osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain in a 72-year-old may limit mobility, slightly increasing pneumonia risk due to reduced lung expansion. However, this condition does not directly impair immune function or lung clearance mechanisms, making it a lower risk compared to immunodeficiency, which severely predisposes to infections.
Choice C reason: Elevated cholesterol in a 48-year-old increases cardiovascular risk but does not directly affect lung function or immune response to infections. Without respiratory or immune compromise, this individual has a lower risk of pneumonia compared to someone with a primary immunodeficiency disorder, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: A 69-year-old with a primary immunodeficiency disorder has a severely compromised immune system, impairing the ability to fight respiratory infections like pneumonia. Age-related lung changes and reduced immune response increase susceptibility to pathogens, making this individual at the highest risk for developing pneumonia, which is why this is correct.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Pyelonephritis, a bacterial kidney infection, causes intrarenal AKI by directly damaging renal parenchyma through inflammation and tubular injury. The infection disrupts nephron function, reducing filtration and leading to acute kidney injury, making this a correct cause of intrarenal damage.
Choice B reason: Nephrotoxins, such as certain drugs or chemicals, cause intrarenal AKI by directly injuring tubular epithelial cells. This disrupts renal filtration and reabsorption, leading to acute kidney injury through toxic cellular damage, making this a correct cause of intrarenal AKI.
Choice C reason: A bladder tumor causes postrenal AKI by obstructing urine outflow, leading to backpressure on the kidneys. It does not directly damage renal parenchyma, as intrarenal AKI requires, making this choice incorrect for intrarenal causes of kidney injury.
Choice D reason: Dehydration causes prerenal AKI by reducing blood volume and renal perfusion, not directly damaging the renal parenchyma. Intrarenal AKI involves intrinsic kidney damage, so dehydration’s hypoperfusion effect makes this choice incorrect for intrarenal AKI.
Choice E reason: Ureteral obstruction causes postrenal AKI by blocking urine flow, increasing pressure on the kidneys. It does not involve direct parenchymal damage, as required for intrarenal AKI, making this choice incorrect for the specified type of kidney injury.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Decreased hydrostatic pressure reduces fluid movement out of capillaries, favoring fluid return to the intravascular space. Low plasma proteins affect oncotic, not hydrostatic, pressure, causing fluid to leak into tissues, not return to vessels, making this incorrect.
Choice B reason: Increased hydrostatic pressure, as in heart failure, pushes fluid into the interstitial space. Low plasma proteins reduce oncotic pressure, not hydrostatic, leading to edema via a different mechanism, making this choice incorrect for the described scenario.
Choice C reason: Low plasma proteins, like albumin, decrease oncotic (osmotic) pressure, reducing the force pulling fluid into capillaries. This causes fluid to move from the intravascular to the interstitial space, leading to edema, making this the correct choice.
Choice D reason: Increased osmotic pressure would pull fluid into the intravascular space, as with high plasma protein levels. Low plasma proteins decrease oncotic pressure, causing fluid to leak into tissues, not return to vessels, making this choice incorrect.
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