What person is at the highest risk for developing pneumonia?
A 21-year-old person with facial trauma after a bicycle accident
A 72-year-old person with osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain
A 48-year-old person with a history of elevated cholesterol levels
A 69-year-old person with a primary immunodeficiency disorder
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Facial trauma may increase aspiration risk if swallowing is impaired, but a 21-year-old typically has a robust immune system, reducing pneumonia risk. The trauma does not directly compromise lung defenses or immune function significantly, making this individual less likely to develop pneumonia compared to an immunocompromised person.
Choice B reason: Osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain in a 72-year-old may limit mobility, slightly increasing pneumonia risk due to reduced lung expansion. However, this condition does not directly impair immune function or lung clearance mechanisms, making it a lower risk compared to immunodeficiency, which severely predisposes to infections.
Choice C reason: Elevated cholesterol in a 48-year-old increases cardiovascular risk but does not directly affect lung function or immune response to infections. Without respiratory or immune compromise, this individual has a lower risk of pneumonia compared to someone with a primary immunodeficiency disorder, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: A 69-year-old with a primary immunodeficiency disorder has a severely compromised immune system, impairing the ability to fight respiratory infections like pneumonia. Age-related lung changes and reduced immune response increase susceptibility to pathogens, making this individual at the highest risk for developing pneumonia, which is why this is correct.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hemoglobin does not store oxygen in the lungs; it binds oxygen in the alveoli and releases it in tissues. Oxygen storage is minimal, and myoglobin in muscles serves this role, making this choice incorrect for hemoglobin’s primary function in gas exchange.
Choice B reason: Hemoglobin does not prevent carbon dioxide from entering the bloodstream. It binds carbon dioxide in tissues and transports it to the lungs for exhalation, facilitating gas exchange, not blocking it, making this choice incorrect for hemoglobin’s role.
Choice C reason: Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs, forming oxyhemoglobin, and transports it via red blood cells to body tissues, where it releases oxygen for cellular metabolism. This is its primary role in gas exchange, making this the correct choice.
Choice D reason: Hemoglobin does not produce oxygen; oxygen is inhaled from the environment. Hemoglobin’s role is to transport oxygen, not synthesize it, making this choice incorrect as it misrepresents the physiological function of hemoglobin in gas exchange.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Osteoporosis results from an imbalance where osteoclast-mediated bone resorption outpaces osteoblast-mediated bone formation, reducing bone density and strength. This leads to fragile, porous bones prone to fractures, especially in the elderly, due to hormonal changes or reduced calcium absorption, making this the correct description.
Choice B reason: An abnormal immune response causing synovitis and cartilage deterioration describes rheumatoid arthritis, not osteoporosis. Rheumatoid arthritis involves autoimmune inflammation of joints, not bone density loss. Osteoporosis primarily affects bone matrix, not cartilage or synovial tissues, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: Cartilage erosion from mechanical stress describes osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease, not osteoporosis. Osteoporosis affects bone density, not articular cartilage. Mechanical stress may exacerbate joint issues but does not cause the systemic bone loss characteristic of osteoporosis, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: A bacterial bone infection describes osteomyelitis, not osteoporosis. Osteomyelitis involves localized bone inflammation and destruction due to pathogens, not a systemic imbalance of bone remodeling. Osteoporosis is a metabolic condition, not an infectious one, making this choice incorrect for the described pathophysiology.
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