What person is at the highest risk for developing pneumonia?
A 21-year-old person with facial trauma after a bicycle accident
A 72-year-old person with osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain
A 48-year-old person with a history of elevated cholesterol levels
A 69-year-old person with a primary immunodeficiency disorder
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Facial trauma may increase aspiration risk if swallowing is impaired, but a 21-year-old typically has a robust immune system, reducing pneumonia risk. The trauma does not directly compromise lung defenses or immune function significantly, making this individual less likely to develop pneumonia compared to an immunocompromised person.
Choice B reason: Osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain in a 72-year-old may limit mobility, slightly increasing pneumonia risk due to reduced lung expansion. However, this condition does not directly impair immune function or lung clearance mechanisms, making it a lower risk compared to immunodeficiency, which severely predisposes to infections.
Choice C reason: Elevated cholesterol in a 48-year-old increases cardiovascular risk but does not directly affect lung function or immune response to infections. Without respiratory or immune compromise, this individual has a lower risk of pneumonia compared to someone with a primary immunodeficiency disorder, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: A 69-year-old with a primary immunodeficiency disorder has a severely compromised immune system, impairing the ability to fight respiratory infections like pneumonia. Age-related lung changes and reduced immune response increase susceptibility to pathogens, making this individual at the highest risk for developing pneumonia, which is why this is correct.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Fluid excess causes weight gain due to increased water retention in tissues and vascular spaces. This is common in conditions like heart failure or renal dysfunction, where fluid accumulates, increasing body mass, making this a correct manifestation.
Choice B reason: Edema, swelling from fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces, is a hallmark of fluid excess. It occurs when hydrostatic or oncotic pressures are imbalanced, as in heart or kidney failure, making this a correct manifestation.
Choice C reason: Fluid excess typically increases blood pressure due to expanded blood volume, as seen in heart failure. Decreased blood pressure is not a direct result of fluid overload, making this choice incorrect for fluid excess.
Choice D reason: Crackles in the lungs occur in fluid excess, as fluid leaks into alveoli (pulmonary edema) due to increased hydrostatic pressure, often in heart failure. This impairs gas exchange, making this a correct manifestation.
Choice E reason: Jugular vein distension results from fluid excess increasing venous pressure, often in right heart failure. Expanded blood volume distends neck veins, a visible sign of fluid overload, making this a correct manifestation.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hyperthermia is not a primary sign of increased intracranial pressure. It may occur in brain injury due to hypothalamic dysfunction, but increased intracranial pressure directly causes neurological symptoms like confusion due to brain compression, making this incorrect.
Choice B reason: Confusion is a hallmark of increased intracranial pressure, as elevated pressure compresses brain tissue, impairing neuronal function and cognition. This disrupts normal brain signaling, leading to altered mental status, making this the correct manifestation.
Choice C reason: Hypotension is not typical; increased intracranial pressure often causes hypertension (Cushing’s reflex) to maintain cerebral perfusion. Low blood pressure does not align with the body’s compensatory response to brain compression, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Angina, chest pain from cardiac ischemia, is unrelated to increased intracranial pressure. Intracranial pressure affects brain function, causing neurological symptoms like confusion, not cardiac pain, making this choice incorrect for this condition.
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